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Volume 58, Numbek 1
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Hall, J. P.W., D.J. HaBvey&D. H. Janzen. In press. Life history of Cahjdna sfumiiln, with ;i review oliurval unci pupal balloon setae in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Ann. Entomot. Soc. Amer.
Harvey, D. J, 1987. The higher classification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera). Pli.D. Dissert at ion, University of Texas, Austin.
JanzeM, D. H. & W. HaUWACHS, 2003. Philosophy, navigation and use of a dynamic database ("ACG Caterpillars SRNP") for an inventory of the macrocaterpi liar fauna, audits food plants and parasitoids, of" the Area de Couservaeion Cnanacaste (ACG), northwestern Costa Kiea (http://janzen.sas.upenn.edu).
MaBBERlev, D. J. 1987. The Plant Book. Camhridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 707 pp
Williams, K, O. 19.10, Olaeales. Flora Trin. Tob. 1(2):165-169.
Would Agroporestry Centre 2003, Agroforestry database (http:/Avww. worldagroforestrycentre.org).
Journal of the Lepidojiterists' Society 5S(1), a«)4,53-55
Immature stages of butterflies arc increasing in importance as sources of systematic characters, and often give important clues as to the placement of species in major groups (DeVriesetal. 1985, Freitas et al. 2002). The Satyrinae genus Amphidecia Butler, 1867 has been placed in the Pronophilini by Miller (1968), although Viloria (20U3, and in press) removed the genus from this tribe without assigning it to any other group. The species in this genus differ from all other known Pronophilini in morphology, habits and distribution (Miller 1968, Viloria pers, com.), with two species most common in Amazonian lowlands, and a third species, A. reynoldst Sharpe, 1890 (Fig. 1), recorded from low to medium elevation sites in the states of Goias, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo and Santa Catarina, and in the Distrito Federal, in Brazil. The habitat of A. reynoldsi is riparian forest (including the populations in the Cerrado biome in Goias, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais and Distrito Federal), and dense nun forest (Sao Paulo and Santa Gatarina).
The present paper describes the early stages of A. reynoldst, comparing them with those of other known Pronophilini.
Study sites and methods. Adults of Amphidecia reynoldst were studied in the field in two different localities in Sao Paulo State, SE Brazil: Montane forests in Intervales Park, Sede (Capao Bonito, 900-1100 m), and in the riparian forests of Monte Mor (600-650 m). One fertile egg was expressed i'roin a vcr\ old wild caught female from Monte Moron ]() November2002 (no additional eggs were found in the abdomen). The larva was reared in a plastic container cleaned daily; fresh plant material was provided every two or three days (following Freitas 1991). Data were taken on be-
Matthew J. W. Gock, CABI Bioscience Switzerland Center, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delemont, Switzerland; email: m.cock@cubi.org and Jason" P. W. Hall, Department of Systematic Biology-Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560-0127, USA; email: h alljaso n@iimnh.si. edit
Received for publication ] IJtiltj 2003, revised and accepted 29 October 2003.
havior and development times for all stages, and head capsules and pupal easting were preserved (AVLF collection). Taxonomic nomenclature follows Miller i. IfOfiS: and Viloria (in press'.
Description of early stages. Egg. Spherical; cream, without visible ridges or marks under the optic microscope. Height 1,0 mm, diameter 0.9 mm. Duration: 5 days.
First in star (Figs. 1, 2). Head capsule light green with a transverse dark stripe in the front and a darker area between the pair of short scoli on vertex; five pairs of conspicuous pointed black setae (Fig. 2), Head capsule width 0.88 mm; head scoli 0.12 mm. Hody beige (light green after feeding), with short black setae; a pair of subdorsal white stripes and additional longitudinal red stripes conspicuous on the last abdominal segments; a pair of short caudal filaments on Alt). Maximum length 8.5 mm. Duration: 5 days.
Second in star. Head green with two long red diverging scoli on vertex. Head capsule width 1.16 mm; scoli 1.4 mm. Body slender, light green with many longitudinal white stripes; caudal projections salmon, long, parallel and fused. Maximum length 15 mm. Duration: 4 days.
Third in star. Head as in previous instar: width 1.8 mm, scoli 3.5 mm. Body slender, light bluish green with many longitudinal white lines; caudal projections salmon, long (similar to head scoli) parallel and fused. Maximum length 25 mm. Duration: 6 days.
Fourth (last) instar (Fig. 1). Head green with two long diverging scoli on vertex; these brown with black tips. Head capsule width 2.67 mm; scoli 5,67 mm. Body slender, light bluish green with many longitudi-
IMMATUKE STAGES OF AMPHIDECTA REYNOLDSI (NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE)
Additional key words: Bamboo feeders, ProiiopEiiliiri.
.-,1
Journal of the Lepidoptehists' Society
Fig. 1. Partial life cycle of Amphtdectv reynotdsi. First instar: a, dorsal; b, lateral. Fourth (last) instar: c, dorsal; d, lateral. Pupa: c, latero-ventral. (Figs. n-e from specimens collected at Monte Mor, S.lo Paulo.) Adull male: f, ventral; g> dorsal (Capao Benito, Sao Paulo).
nal white lines; spiracles as well marked white circles; caudal projections light green with salmon cuds. long. parallel and (used. Maximum length 38 mm. Duration: 8 days. The prepupal larva is entirely grceu, and suspended during the night.
Pupa (Fig. 1). Elongated, smooth, with long pointed ocular caps; light green with alar caps bordered with yellow. Total length 27 mm. Duration; 8 days.
Foodplants. The foodplant in the field is unknown, lint the larva easik accepted a bamboo ■ MrrostachtfS) Ironi Campinas Tlie laiva ate part of the egg chorion after hatching, and was very active in all iustars. In resting position, the larva usually lay along a bamboo leaf with the head towards the leaf apex, becoming relatively inconspicuous. The rarely encountered adults are known from large bamboo thickets, where they are attracted lo banana bails.
Discussion. Based on general aspect and habits, the immature stages of A. reunoldsi are verv similar to
those of Etcona tisiphone (Boisduval), a Pronophilini butterfly from the mountains of SK Brazil (Freitas 2002). These include the general shape of larva and pupa, and the foodplant accepted by the larva (a bamboo), but not the shape of the major primary setae on the head capsule (spatulate in Eteona). These external macroscopic characters are also similar to those found in most Andean Pronophilini (M. D. Heredia unpublished data), and are divergent from those found in most Neotropical Satyrinae, including the pronophi-lines in the genus Pedaliodes Butler, and relatives (Miiller 1886, Pelz 1997, Viloria pers, com., and unpublished data from 3 species). More descriptions of Satyrinae immatures, especially pronophilines, together with extensive comparisons among adults of most Neotropical genera, are needed to clarify the systematic position of Amphidecta within the Satyrinae.
[ would like to thank Dr. Keith S. Brown Jr. for reading the manuscript and capturing the female from Monte Mor, and thr Fun-
Volume 58, Number 1
55
FlC. 2. Head capsule (Frontal view) of the first instar larva of Amphidsrta reynoUlsi.
ilacao Florestal for allowing Hold work in the Fazenda Intervales. I also tliank Gcrardo Lamas, L. Daniol Otero and Carla Penz for comments in tile final version. This study was funded by Fapesp (BIOTA-FAPESP program, grants 98/051 01-8 and 0W0T 484-1) and by the National Science Foundation {DEB-0316505).
Literature Cited
DtVKiKs,P.[.,I, J. Kitching&RLVjwe-Wmcht. 1985. Thesys-temaric position of Anlirrhea and Cnerois, with comments on the higher classification of the Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera). Syst. Entomol. 10:11-32.
FbeitaS. A. V. L. 1991. Variayao morfologica, ciclo de vida e sis-tematica dp Tegosa claudina (Eschscholtz) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Meiitaeinae) no Estado de .Sao Paulo, Brasil. Rev. bras. Entomol. 35^301-306,
----------, 2002. Immature stages of Eteona tisiphone (Nvmphalidae:
Satyrin;ie). J. Lepid. Soc. 56(4):286-288,
FREITAS, A. V. L„ D. Murray & K. S. Brow* Jr. 2002, Immatures, natural history and the systematic position of Bia actorion (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid, Soc. 56(3):117-122.
Miller, L. D. 1968. The higher classification, phylogeny and zoogeography of the Satyridae (Lepidoptera). Mem. Am. Entomol. Soc. 24:iii + 174 pp.
MOlleh, W. 1886. Siulainerikanische Nymphalidenraupen: Ver-sueh eines naturlichen Systems der Nymphaliden. Zool. Jahrb. (Jena), 1:417-678.
PELZ.V. 1997. LifehistmyofrVrfrtllorfro parepahom Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Trop. Ix-pid 8(l):41^i5
Vn/iRiA, A. I.. 2003. Historical biogeography and the origins of the satyrine butterflies of the Tropical Andes (Insecta: lepidoptera, Wiopalocera). In Morrone, J. J. St J. Llorente-Bousquets (eds.), Una perspective latinoamnncana de la biogeografia; Mexico, D. Y.: Las Prensas de Ciencias, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM, pp. 247-261.
VilOkfa, A. L. In Press, The Fronophilini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): synopsis of their biology and systematics. Trop. Lepid. 12.
Andre V. L. Freitas, Museu de Historia Natural and Dejiartamento de Zoologia, Institute de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, Campinas, Sao Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
Received for publication 13 August 2003; revised and accepted 10 October 2003-
Journal of the Lepidopterihte' Society 5SU), 2004,55-58
DISPLAY OF THE "PEACOCK MOTH" BRENTHIA SPP. (CHOREUTIDAEr BRENTHIINAE) Additional key words: Anacampsis, Cosmoptcrigidae, CJelechiidae. Momphidae, Tehenna, Tineidae, Tortyra.
Species of Brenthia Clemens, I860 (Choreutidae: Brenthimae) are diurnal micro lepid op tennis of both New and Old Worlds, with the majority of the 60^80 species confined to tropica] areas. Several species are seen frequently in the lowland forests of the Republic of Panama, where they dart about on foliage, with their wings held in distinctive, jieacock-likc displays (Fig. 1). As the name of the type species, Brenthia pauonacella Clemens, 1860, suggests, "peacock" displays are common in Brenthia.
Descriptions of these displays are scattered in the literature. Of B. pavonacella, in northeastern U.S.A., Forbes (1923:353) comments, "The moth stmts about on alighting, with hind wings displayed like Ghjphip-teryx [Cosmopterigidae], the smaller Anacampsis | Curtis, 1827, Geleermdae], etc." And, ofB. coronigera
Meyriok, 19IX, in India, Fletcher (1920:128) remarks that "The moths strut about jerkily with the hindwings carried nearly at a right angle with the fore wings, so that the wings form a sort of cone when seen from behind the insect. This attitude is characteristic of other species of this genus." His account includes an illustrated lateral view of the moth displaying. According to Robinson et al. (1994:111, 113), some species of South-East Asian Choreutidae ". . . rest with the hind wing drawn forward in front of the forewing. Species of Brenthia also move holding their wings in this posture and are mimics of jumping spiders (Salticidae). . . . the metallic sjiots of the wing pattern representing the spider's eyes."
The purpose of this note is to further describe the display and clarify certain points pertaining to its me-