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Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York. 667 pp.

Tashiro, H. 1987. Turfgrass insects of the United States and Canada. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. 391 pp.

Tashiro, H. & W. C. Mitchell. 1985. Biology of the fiery skipper, Hylephila phyleus (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae), a turfgrass pest in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Entomol. Soc. 25:131-138.

Toliver, M. E. 1987. Hesperiidae (Hesperioidea), pp. 434-436. In Stehr, F. W. (ed.), Immature insects. Vol. 1. Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa.

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57(3), 2003, 243-249

Populations of the Florida leafwing, Anaea troglodyt a floridalis F. (Comstock & Johnson) (Fig. 1), a butterfly endemic to south Florida and the lower Florida Keys, have become increasingly localized as its pine rockland habitat is lost or altered through anthropogenic activity (Baggett 1982, Hennessey & Habeck 1991, Schwarz et al. 1995, Salvato 1999, 2001). Croton linearis Jacq., (Euphorbiaceae) a subtropical species of Antillean origin, is the sole host plant for A. t. floridalis (Opler & Krizek 1984, Schwartz 1987, Minno & Emmel 1993, Smith et al. 1994). Once common throughout the pinelands of the lower Florida Keys (Dickson 1955), C. linearis now occurs only on Big Pine Key (Monroe Co.) and in fragmented populations on the southeast Florida mainland as far north as Jupiter Island (Martin Co.) (Salvato 1999). However, as host plant availability and appropriate habitat have declined, there is little recent evidence that A. t. floridalis ventures further north than southern Miami (Miami-Dade Co.) to make use of these fragmented host populations (Baggett 1982, Smith et al. 1994, Salvato 1999). Salvato (1999) has found few-documented field sighting records or museum collection specimens of A. t. floridalis from areas north of Monroe and Miami-Dade counties suggesting that this species may not have been common further north historically.

Delineating the precise historic range of A. t. floridalis has been further complicated by its confusion with Florida's other resident Anaea species, Anaea an-dria Scudder (Opler & Krizek 1984, Hennessey & Habeck 1991). An extremely tolerant species climatically, A. andria is widely distributed in the United States and Mexico (Pyle 1981, Opler & Krizek 1984). In Florida, Hernando County appears to represent the southern boundary for A. andria and this may correspond with the distribution of its host plants (Salvato

Marcelo Duarte, Olaf H. H. Mielke and Mirna M. Casagrande, Departamento de Zoologia, Univer-sidade Federal do Parana, CP19020, Curitiba, Parana 81531-990, Brazil; Email: lycaenidae@ig.com.br

Received for publication 8 January 2001; revised and accepted 30 January 2003.

1999). Anaea andria uses several different Croton host species throughout its range, as opposed to A. t. floridalis which is stenophagic and will only use Croton linearis (Opler & Krizek 1984, Schwartz 1987, Hennessey & Habeck 1991, Smith et al. 1994, Worth et al. 1996). In northern Florida, A. andria primarily uses Croton argyranthemus Michx. (Glassberg et al. 2000) as a host, but will also feed on C. capitatus Michx (Opler & Krizek 1984, Salvato 1999). Salvato (1999), in preliminary feeding studies, found that when offered a variety of Croton species (C. capitatus, C. linearis and C. argyranthemus), A. t. floridalis larvae (n = 5) would only accept C. linearis as a food source. Anaea andria larvae (n = 5), when given the same selection, preferred C. argyranthemus as well as C. capitatus but refused to feed on C. linearis. The preference of A. andria for only northern occurring Croton species may explain why the butterfly has not established itself farther southward in the state. The apparently strict diet requirements of A. t. floridalis and possibly an inability to tolerate the colder winter climate of north Florida keep it from expanding northward. Croton grandulosus Michx. is the prevalent Croton species in the central part of Florida where neither butterfly occurs. Both Anaea species refused this plant as a host when offered it in feeding trials. Salvato is currently conducting continued feeding studies with A. andria and A. t. floridalis to establish larger sampling sizes. However, it does appear that an allopatric relationship occurs between A. andria and A. t. floridalis within Florida, one similar to that observed between other members of the genus within the West Indies (Smith et al. 1994). Figure 2 indicates the documented distribution of A. t. floridalis and A. andria in Florida.

Anaea t. floridalis maintains an appearance characteristic of the genus and the taxonomy of this sub-

NOTES ON THE HISTORIC RANGE AND NATURAL HISTORY OF ANAEA TROGLODYTA FLORIDALIS (NYMPHALIDAE)

Additional key words: Croton, Florida, West Indies, seasonal forms, parasitism.

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society

Fig. 1. The Florida leafwing, Anaea troglodtjta floridalis 4 January, 2003 in Long Pine Key (Everglades National Park), Florida (photo H. L. Salvato).

species has been well described elsewhere (Comstock 1961, Baggett 1982, Opler & Krizek 1984, Smith et al. 1994, Worth et al. 1996). Briefly, its upperwing surface is red to red-brown, the underside gray, with a tapered outline, cryptically looking like a dead leaf when the butterfly is at rest. Anaea t. floridalis exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females being slightly larger and with darker coloring along the wing margins than the males (Fig. 3).

The species also appears to demonstrate seasonal polymorphism (Fig. 3). Comstock (1961) employed the terms "summer" and "winter" morph to differentiate between seasonal forms within the genus. Riley

(1980, 1988a, b) found that the length of photoperiod exposure experienced by fifth-instar larvae (several days prior to pupation) as well as the influence of seasonal moisture, were key factors in determining the seasonal forms of A. andria. The summer Anaea form, (wet-season or long-day form) (late May to September), of the genus tends to have forewing margins which are blunt and a hindwing with a less pronounced tail; their colors also tends to be brighter. The winter Anaea form, (dry-season or short day form), (October to early May) tends to have the opposing characters, these being pronounced tails and crescent-shaped forewings.

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Anaea andha

O >Anaea trogbdyta floridalis

Fig. 2. Historic distribution of Anaea species, by county in Florida. Distribution based on verified records of specimens collected or photographed for each county (J. V. Calhoun pers. com.).

Although a great deal of research has been conducted to explain opposing wing characteristics of seasonal forms and how they are cued (Comstock 1961, Riley 1980, 1988a, b), more research is needed to understand what implications this change in wing shape has on Anaea biology. One possibility is that the change in wing shape is an adaptation by Anaea to more cryptically blend into its surroundings during given seasons. Muyshondt (1974a, b) indicated that Anaea (Consul) fabius Cramer and A. (Memphis) eu-rypyle confusa Hall appear very inconspicuous amongst vegetation and that these species alight on

tree trucks in a slanted position to minimize the shadow they project. Similar behavior was observed with A. t. floridalis while conducting mark-release-recapture field studies from 14 July 1997-29 August 1998. When at rest on the sides of slash pines, A. t. floridalis adults would angle their bodies, with wings closed, in such a way that it seemed to mimic the raised and peeling bark of the pine trees.

Anaea t. floridalis caught during the winter/spring months (October to early May) of the 1997-98 study (n = 46), always maintained well-developed hindwing tails and anal angle projections, as well as forewings

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Fig. 3. Demonstration of seasonal and sexual dimorphism in Anaea t.floridalis. Males (on the left), females (right). Butterflies on the top row are the winter-morph, those on the bottom, the summer-morphs (photo M. H. Salvato).

with an acute and falcate apex. Likewise, those marked in the summer/fall months (late May to September) (n = 85), possessed shortened tails on the hindwing, reduced anal angle projections, and fore wings that were not apically falcate. Several larvae (n = 15) were reared from field-collected specimens in the winter months (January-March) of 1999. These all produced the winter form. Table 1 indicates the seasonal forms observed in the field-marked A. t. floridalis in 1997-98. Further field studies are required to determine the precise periods of change from winter to summer-morph (and from summer to winter-morph). An abrupt change from winter to summer-morph indicated in field-captured specimens in April and May 1998 suggests that this is the period of change to the summer-morph for A. t. floridalis. There was no evidence of intermediate forms between the seasonal morph types. Field-marked adults and museum examined specimens showed characters that were distinctly one of the two-morph patterns. Whether the bi-annual change in wing shape is an adaptive response that produces appropriate seasonal camouflage and/or aerodynamic advantages to flight remains an interesting topic for future study and discussion.

Behavior and life cycle observations documented during this study are consistent with what has been re-

ported previously for this subspecies (Baggett 1982, Opler & Krizek 1984, Schwartz 1987, Smith et al. 1994, Worth et al.1996). The adults are rapid, wary fliers. The species is extremely territorial, with both sexes flying out to pursue other butterflies (Baggett 1982, Worth et al. 1996). The occurrence of adults consistently perching on the same spot, on a tree or sign post, as well as using the same specific host specimen for oviposition, suggests these areas are continually suitable and recognized. This behavior was partic-

Table 1. Monthly overview of seasonal wing patterns observed in marked and released Anaea troglodyta floridalis between 14 July 1997 and 29 August 1998 on Big Pine Key and Long Pine Key, Florida.

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ularly well observed (8 occurrences on different survey dates) in the Watson s Hammock area of Big Pine Key during 1997-98. Anaea t. floridalis is multivoltine, with an entire life cycle of about 60 days (Hennessey & Habeck 1991), and maintains continuous broods in south Florida throughout the year (Salvato 1999). Precise number of broods per year remains unknown, but A. t. floridalis has been recorded in every month (Baggett 1982, Opler & Krizek 1984, Minno & Emmel 1993, Salvato 1999) in south Florida. Males, especially those newly emerged, were frequently flushed from their perches in response to a fluorescent-colored cloth, either by waving it the air or simply placing it in a shirt pocket (Salvato 1999, Salvato 2003). Females lay eggs singly on both the upper and lower surface of the host leaves, normally on developing terminals (Baggett 1982, Hennessey & Habeck 1991, Worth et al. 1996, Salvato 1999). Eggs are spherical and light cream-yellow in color (Worth et al. 1996). Worth et al.(1996) and Salvato (1999) visually estimated that females may fly more than 30 meters in search of a suitable host and usually requires less than a minute to oviposit each egg.

During egg surveys conducted in 1988-89 in both Everglades National Park and Big Pine Key, egg density was approximately 11-66 per ha on sparse patches of host plants scattered throughout the pine rocklands (based on an estimated 80 ha of Croton-bearing habitat on Big Pine and 1068 ha in the Everglades) (Hennessey & Habeck 1991). Eggs of many Neotropical charaxine species similar to Anaea, such as Memphis Hubner and Consul Hubner are heavily parasitized by chalcid wasps (Muyshondt 1974a, b, 1975a, b, 1976a, b, DeVries 1987). Within the pine rocklands A. t. floridalis eggs experience a high level of parasitism from trichogrammid wasps (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammi-dae). Once attacked by the wasps, the Anaea eggs turn black (Muyshondt 1975b, Hennessey & Habeck 1991, Salvato 1999). The frequency of these "black eggs" was noted to be as high as 100% in 1988-89 surveys for A. t. floridalis eggs on host terminals both in the Everglades National Park and at Watson s Hammock on Big Pine Key (Hennessey & Habeck 1991). Trichogramma sp. near pretiosum Riley "Naranja species" was identified as the parasitoid and appears to be a key mortality factor for A. t. floridalis (Hennessey & Habeck 1991, Salvato 1999). Hennessey & Habeck (1991) found the larval hatch rate in the field for all survey areas during their 1988-89 studies, including all mortality sources, ranged from 0-33%, depending on location and year. On two occasions (6 July 1988 and 10 October 1989) the mite Balaustium sp. (Acari: Erythraeidae) was observed preying upon eggs of A. t. floridalis within the

Everglades (Hennessey & Habeck 1991). Crab spiders (Aranea: Thomisidae) were frequently observed in 1988-89 and 1997-98 surveys on C. linearis and may prey upon eggs of A. t. floridalis as well as the Bartram s hairstreak, Strymon acis bartrami Comstock and Huntington (Lycaenidae). Matteson (1930) recorded ants as predators of A. t. floridalis eggs in Miami.

Because the host is dioecious, sex of the plant was noted when eggs were marked (by placing flagging tape on the plant) in order to determine whether there was an oviposition preference by the females (Hennessey & Habeck 1991). Of 31 plants recorded with eggs between 10 March and 5 July 1989, 14 (45%) were male plants and 17 (55%) were female plants. Female A. t. floridalis showed little preference for female over male plants as oviposition sites (Hennessey & Habeck 1991). However, further studies are required to determine if there is any preference for host plant sex in A. t. floridalis oviposition behavior.

The natural history of the larval stages of A. t. floridalis is well described elsewhere (Baggett 1982, Opler & Krizek 1984, Schwartz 1987; Smith et al. 1994, Worth et al. 1996, Salvato in press). Unlike other members of Anaea and similar genus such as Memphis (Muyshondt 1974b, 1975a, b, DeVries 1987) and Consul (Muyshondt 1974a, DeVries 1987), larvae of A. t. floridalis do not make frass chains or roll plant leaves into tubes to evade parasites and predators. Caldas (1996) found fifth instar larval parasitism by tachinid flies to be as high as 53% for Anaea (Memphis) ryphea Cramer. Muyshondt (1974b) estimated larval mortality from tachinid flies to be 40% for A. (M.) e. confusa. Tachinid flies were noted as a principle mortality factor for A. (C.)fabius (Muyshondt 1974a). DeVries (1987) indicated that larvae of Anaea aidea (Guerin-Meneville) experience parasitism from tachinid flies as well as chalcid wasps. Tachinid flies appear to be a parasitoid on the larval stages of A. t. floridalis, laying their eggs on the host plant, which are subsequently ingested. Hennessey & Habeck (1991) collected a moribund fifth-instar A. t. floridalis larva at Long Pine Key (Everglades) on 14 November 1988. The specimen was host to four larvae of Chetogena sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) that emerged from it in the laboratory; these larvae pupated and became adults. Muyshondt (1975b) obtained a large tachinid species (Archytas sp.) from the pupa of Anaea (Memphis) pithyusa R. Felder. Hennessey & Habeck (1991) encountered an A. t. floridalis pupa on Big Pine Key that was in the process of being consumed by ants (species not specified). Muyshondt (1975a) suspected heavy predation on larvae of Anaea (Memphis) morvus boisduvali Comstock from spiders after witnessing spiders in the

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proximity of leaves where larvae had been feeding. Spiders appear to be a predator on the adult A. t. flori-dalis as indicated from a photograph in Glassberg et al. (2000) of a lynx spider (Aranea: Oxyopidae) with a captured adult. However, Rutkowski (1971) watched a spider (species not specified) quickly release an adult

A.  t. floridalis from its web after an initial taste. This suggests A. t. floridalis may be chemically protected from certain predatory species.

Adults are not frequently attracted to flowers (Baggett 1982, Opler & Krizek 1984, Worth et al.1996) but have been observed feeding on rotting fruit and dung (Baggett 1982, Opler & Krizek 1984, Minno & Emmel 1993). DeVries (1987) reported that both sexes of A. aidea feed on rotting fruits and dung, while males would engage in puddling. Hennessey & Habeck (1991) observed an adult feeding at senescent flowers of saw palmetto, Serenoa repens Bartr. alongside scarab beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in Watson s Hammock during 1988. A sliced orange placed at one of the survey transects in the early evening provided the only observation (August 1998) of feeding by adults during 1997-98 field studies (Salvato 1999). Although the species is known to be easily captured in bait traps (Smith et al. 1994), such traps set out at several locations failed to attract any A. t. floridalis during the 1997-98 field study Lenczewski (1980) observed A. t. floridalis (sexes not specified) at the edges of mud puddles in the Everglades. Puddling behavior was also observed on 6 occasions during 1997-98, by males on Big Pine Key and in the Everglades. Adults reared and kept in captivity also did not feed on provided flowering plants, but frequently fed on artificial sources provided (especially beer).

The authors thank T. C. Emmel, D. H. Habeck, J. H Frank, D. M. Griffin III and J. C Daniels for advice and encouragement while conducting these studies. J. V. Calhoun critically reviewed this manuscript and provided range map information for both A. t. floridalis and A. andria. D. Serage (Sanibel-Captiva Conservation Foundation) for rearing and mating facilities, R. M. Baranowski for providing laboratory facilities, J. Y Miller and L.D. Miller for access and examination of specimens at the Allyn Museum of Entomology (Sarasota, Florida) and J.B. Heppner for similar examination of specimens at the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (Gainesville, Florida), J. Bayless for consultations on the collections at ENP, J. Gilmore for field assistance, C. Campbell and A. Williams for plant identification. The authors thank the following individuals for their identification of various arthropod species; N. E. Woodley USDA-SEL (Tachinidae); W. C. Welbourne of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (Erythraeidae); J. D. Pinto of the University of Southern California-Riverside (Trichogrammi-dae). The authors thank K. A. Schwarz and R. A. Worth for their encouragement, suggestions and insights on this research, and the natural history of these organisms. The authors would also like to thank the staff of National Key Deer Wildlife Refuge, particularly

B.  Stieglitz, J. Watson, D. Holle, T Wilmers and B. Frakes, D. Gordon, M. Folk and L. Flynn of The Nature Conservancy, and Everglades National Park for permitting and various technical support.

Literature Cited

Baggett, H. D. 1982. Order Lepidoptera. In Franz, R. (ed.), Invertebrates. In Pritchard, P. C. (ed.), Rare and endangered biota of Florida. Vol. 6. Invertebrates, 78-81. Univ. Pr. Florida, Gainesville. 131 pp.

Caldas, A. 1996. Fifth instar parasitoids of Anaea ryphea (Nyphal-idae): the missing link. J. Lepid. Soc. 50:89-90.

Comstock, W P. 1961. Butterflies of the American tropics. The genus Anaea, Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York. 214 pp.

DeVries, P. J. 1987. The butterflies of Costa Rica and their natural history: Papillionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. 327 pp.

Dickson III, J. D. 1955. An ecological study of the Key Deer. Florida Game and Freshwater Fish Commission. Pittmann-Robertson Project Tech. Bull. 3. 104 pp.

Glassberg, J., M. C. Minno & J. V. Calhoun. 2000. Butterflies though binoculars: Florida. Oxford University Press, New York. 242 pp.

Hennessey, M. K. & D. H. Habeck. 1991. Effects of mosquito adulticides on populations of non-target terrestrial arthropods in the Florida Keys. Gainesville: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Univ. of Florida Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit (unpublished, available from Fish and Wildlife Reference Service http ://fa. r9. fws. gov/r9fwrs/)

Lenczewski, B. 1980. Butterflies of Everglades National Park. Homestead: S. Fla. Res. Ctr. Rep. T-588, Natl. Park Serv, Everglades Natl. Park. 110 pp.

Matteson, J. H. 1930. Anaea portia—the leaf-wing and a list of the Rhopalocera of Miami, Fl. Privately printed. 16 pp.

Minno, M. C. & T. C. Emmel. 1993. Butterflies of the Florida Keys. Scientific Publ., Gainesville. 168 pp.

Muyshondt, A. 1974a. Notes of the life cycle and natural history of butterflies of El Salvador. III. Anaea (Consul) fabius (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 28 (2):81-89.

----------. 1974b. Notes of the life cycle and natural history of butterflies of El Salvador. IV. Anaea (Memphis) eurypule confusa (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 28 (4):306-314.

----------. 1975a. Notes of the life cycle and natural histoiy of butterflies of El Salvador. V. Anaea (Memphis) morvus boisduvali (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 29 (l):32-39.

----------. 1975b. Notes of the life cycle and natural history of butterflies of El Salvador. VI. Anaea (Memphis) pithyusa (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 29 (3):168-176.

----------. 1976a. Notes of the life cycle and natural history of butterflies of El Salvador. VII. Archaeoprepona demophon centralis (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 30 (1).-23-32.

----------. 1976b. Notes of the life cycle and natural history of butterflies of El Salvador. VIII. Archaeoprepona antirnache gulina, Siderone marthesia, Zaretis callidryas and, Consul electra (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 30 (3):159-168.

Opler, P. A. & G. O. Krizek. 1984. Butterflies east of the Great Plains. J. Hopkins Univ. Pr, Baltimore. 294 pp.

Pyle, R. M. 1981. The Audubon Society field guide series to North American butterflies. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 916 pp.

Riley, T. J. 1980. Effects of long and short day photoperiods on the seasonal dimorphism of Anaea andria (Nymphalidae) from central Missouri. J. Lepid. Soc. 34 (4):330-337.

----------. 1988. Effect of photoperiod on incidence of adult seasonal

forms in Anaea andria (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 61 (2):224-227.

----------. 1988. Effect of larval photoperiod on mating and reproductive diapause in seasonal forms of Anaea andria (Nymphalidae). J. Lepid. Soc. 42 (4):263-268.

Rutkowski, F. 1971. Notes on some South Florida Lepidoptera. J. Lepid. Soc. 25 (2):137-139.

Salvato, M. H. 1999. Factors influencing the declining populations of three threatened butterflies in south Florida and the Florida Keys. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Florida.

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----------. 2001. Influence mosquito control chemicals on butterflies

(Nymphalidae, Lycaenidae, Hesperiidae) of the lower Florida

Keys. J. Lepid. Soc. 55 (1):8-14. ----------. In press. Butterfly conservation and hostplant fluctuations:

the relationship between Strymon acis bartrami and Anaea

troglodytafloridalis on Croton linearis in Florida. Hoi. Lepid. 8

(2):53-57. ----------. 2003 Lifestyles of the scaled and beautiful: the Florida

leafwing. Amer. Butterflies. 11 (1):36-41. Schwartz, A. 1987. The butterflies of the Lower Florida Keys.

Milwaukee Pub. Mus. Contrib. in Bio. and Geo., No. 73.

34 pp. Schwarz, K. A., R. A. Worth & T. C. Emmel. 1995. Conservation

of two threatened south Florida butterflies and their host plant

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Nymphatidae). Hoi. Lepid. 3:59-61. Smith, D. S., L. D. Miller & J. Y. Miller. 1994. The butterflies

of the West Indies and South Florida. Oxford Univ. Pr, Oxford.

264 pp., 32 pi.

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 57(3), 2003, 249-250

The status of Edith's Copper, Lycaena editha (Mead), in Canada has been a matter of conjecture for some time, particularly in Alberta. Bowman (1934, 1951) included this species in his annotated lists of Alberta Lepidoptera, giving High River as the locality without further comment. This represented the only known Canadian record of Edith's Copper; its known range is restricted to the western US, from California to Montana eastward to Wyoming and Colorado (Scott 1986). Subsequent works (e.g., Ferris & Brown 1981, Scott 1986) also indicated this species as part of the Alberta fauna, presumably based on Bowman's list. Bird et al. (1995) were unable to authenticate this record and rejected it. Layberry et al. (1998) also treated this as a dubious record, and did not include L. editha as part of the Canadian fauna.

While curating the butterflies in the University of Alberta Strickland Museum collection in 2001, BCS discovered the putative High River specimen in a separate teaching collection, where it had gone unnoticed these many years. It is a male specimen, missing the left antenna but otherwise in excellent condition, with a label reading "High River, Alta / Baird" (Fig. 1). "High River" and "Baird" are handwritten on a printed Donald Mackie label, and "Edmonton" and "D. Mackie" are crossed out (Fig. 1). Comparison of the handwriting to other Donald Mackie labels shows that the specimen was labelled and likely pinned by Mackie after he received the unpinned specimen from Baird. A small amount of glue is visible on the ventral thorax and on the pin, further suggesting that the specimen

Worth, R. A., K. A. Schwarz &T.C. Emmel. 1996. Notes on the biology of Strijmon acis bartrami and Anaea troglodyta flori-dalis in south Florida. Hoi. Lepid. 3:52-65.

Mark H. Salvato, University of Florida, Department of Entomology and hematology, P.O. Box 110620, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA; Email: anaea_99@yahoo.com and Michael K. Hennessey, United States Department of Agriculture, APHIS, PPQ, Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606-5202, USA; Email: mike. k. hennessey@ aphis, usda. gov

Received for publication 20 September 2002; revised, and, accepted, 18 April 2003.

was not pinned fresh. Donald Mackie made extensive Lepidoptera collections, primarily from the Edmonton region, in the early to mid-1920's, and the specimen was likely either sent or given to him by Baird. Thomas Baird came to High River from Woodstock, Ontario in about 1896, and worked there for many years as a cobbler. He was an ardent and versatile collector of all groups of insects, though he appears to have been particularly partial to Diptera. F. H. W. Dod, in his series of "Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera" (Dod 1914, 1915a, b) made frequent reference to Bairds collections. Among the moths that Baird collected, especially at light, were a number of taxa that were new to science.

The precise location where the High River specimen was collected is impossible to determine, but there is no reason to believe it was not collected in the general vicinity of the town of High River (50°35/N, 113°52/W). Suitable Canadian Zone valley bottom wet meadow habitat that L. editha is reported to frequent (Scott 1986) occurs in the Rocky Mountain foothills west of High River, and it is entirely possible that the specimen originated there. Other butterfly species collected by Baird and labeled as "High River" are restricted to montane habitats rather than the prairie habitat found at High River, suggesting Baird named his collection localities to the nearest major settlement, as did many early collectors.

Although it is possible that this specimen is mislabeled, there is no evidence to suggest this. Furthermore, there are no accounts of, or insect specimens

EDITHS COPPER, LYCAENA EDITHA (LYCAENIDAE), CONFIRMED FOR CANADA

Additional key words: Thomas Baird, Alberta.