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Journal oj the Lepidopterists' Society 56(4), 2002, 199-215

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS AND REVIEW OF PANACEA AND BATESIA BUTTERFLIES (NYMPHALIDAE)

Ryan 1. Hill

Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA

Carla M. Penz1 and P. J. DeVries

Milwaukee Public Museum, 800 W Wells St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, USA

ABSTRACT. Phylogenetic analysis of 53 morphological characters for five species of Panacea and Batesia hypochlora supports the separation of the two genera and showed that the monotypic genus Batesia is basal to Panacea. Male genitalia were uniform within Panacea and characters informative for phylogeny reconstruction were restricted to wing coloration. Illustrations of adults and genitalia, a brief diagnosis, and distributions are provided for each species.

Additional key words: prola, procilla, regina, divalis, bleuzeni, chalcothea, lysimache, bella, hypochlora, Caryodendron, Euphorbiaceae.

By possessing distasteful wings or body fluids, brightly colored butterflies are generally avoided by many vertebrate predators in nature. This phenomenon is particularly well known in various genera of Nymphalidae (e.g., Acraea, Heliconius, many Danainae and Ithomiinae), Papilionidae (e.g., Battus, Parides) and Pieridae (e.g., Mylothris, Delias, Appias, Perrhybris, Itaballia) among others (see Poulton 1908, Sywnnerton 1919, Carpenter 1942, Fisher 1958, Chai 1986). Nevertheless, a great many of these same butterflies are eagerly sought after and prized by a different group of predators, human collectors. Although collector value may provide a metric of how garishly colored a particular butterfly might be, it is often a poor measure of how well we understand that species. Therefore, when considering biological or evolutionary understanding of particular butterflies, it is likely that drab ones are equally as well known as those that are brightly colored. Although well represented in museum collections, and available as virtual specimens on the internet, nymphalid butterflies in the genera Batesia Felder and Felder, 1862 and Panacea Godman and Salvin, 1883 are good examples of this phenomenon.

The Neotropical genus Batesia occurs from central Colombia to eastern Ecuador, southeast Peru, western Brazil, and likely into northeast Bolivia; effectively an upper Amazonian distribution. On the other hand, members of Panacea are found from Costa Rica south across Venezuela and the Guianas, throughout the Amazon basin, and into Bolivia.

Both Batesia and Panacea were originally described as monotypic genera, but only Batesia with its single species, hypochlora Felder and Felder, 1862 has remained so. The history of Panacea is somewhat convoluted. Panacea prola (Doubleday, 1848) was initially designated the type species of Pandora Doubleday,

1 Adjunct professor at Pontificia Universidade Catoliea do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Ipiranga 6681, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.

1848—a name used previously for different insect genera by at least seven different authors, and thus, an invalid homonym (see Hemming 1967). In an attempt to settle this quandary, Kirby (1871) transferred all species of Pandora to Batesia. Godman and Salvin (1883), however, felt that all species formerly in Pandora warranted separation from Batesia, and erected the genus Panacea to accommodate them—thus providing a panacea to the Pandora problem. Eight species have been described in Panacea—P. prola-, P. procilla (Hewitson, 1852); P. regina (Bates, 1864); P. divalis (Bates, 1868); P. chalcothea (Bates, 1868); P. lysimache Godman and Salvin, 1883; P. hleuzeni Plantrou and Attal, 1986; and P. bella D'Abrera, 1987, not all that are currently regarded as valid species (see synonymies below).

The vicissitudes of nomenclature aside, nearly all natural history studies suggest that Batesia and Panacea are distinct, but closely related genera. At present they are classified in the Biblidini along with Hamadryas, Ectima, Eunica, Myscelia, Dynamine, Colobura and other genera (Godman & Salvin 1883, Seitz 1916, Ackery 1984, Harvey 1991).

Recent observations indicate that Batesia and Panacea share Caryodendron spp. (Euphorbiaceae) as host plants, and that their immature stages are very similar (DeVries et al. 1999). The correspondence of immature biology, classification, and the fact that these genera have never been assessed using cladistic methods led us to ask whether B. hypochlora was separate from Panacea, or if it represented a derived species within Panacea. Accordingly, this study tests both hypotheses through phylogenetic analysis of five species of Panacea plus Batesia hypochlora. Based on adult morphology we show that Batesia hypochlora is basal to Panacea, and that together they form a mono-phyletic group. We then present characters to aid in species identification, and provide notes relevant to future work on their taxonomy and natural history.

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Fig. 1. Batesia hypochlora, dorsal. Top row, males; bottom row, fer

Materials and Methods

Species studied. Excepting P. chalcothea (see identification section below), our phylogenetic analysis included all valid species of Panacea (P. prola, P. procilla, P. regina, P. divalis, and P. bleuzeni) and Batesia hypochlora (Figs. 1-10).

To assess intra-specific variation in wing pattern and genitalia, we examined specimens from five distinct localities. Abundant material from a single site in eastern Ecuador (P. prola, n = 57; P. divalis, n = 55; P. regina, n = 43; and B. hypochlora, n = 24) allowed us to evaluate morphological and phenotypic variation within a single population (see DeVries & Walla 2001 for site description). Whenever possible individuals from different localities were dissected to evaluate morphological variation in the genitalia. Although a small number of specimens were available off! procilla (n = 4) and P. bleuzeni (n = 2), these species are phenotypically distinctive from other Panacea and characters could be scored with confidence. For P. bleuzeni, one specimen

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society

les. Left column, Garza Cocha, Ecuador; right column, Rondonia, Brazil.

of each sex was used to score genitalia characters directly, but wing and body characters were scored using the description of Plantrou and Attal (1986), the illustrations in D'Abrera (1987:487, as P. hella) and photographs from the private collection of G. Attal. Characters 22 and 23 were scored as "missing" for P. bleuzeni due to lack of material. Table 1 lists the examined taxa, number of dissected individuals, and locality data.

We used Biblis hyperia (Cramer, 1780) and Hamadryas arinome (Lucas, 1853), H. amphinome (Linnaeus, 1767), H. laodamia (Cramer, 1777), and H. feronia (Linnaeus, 1758) as outgroup taxa for phylogenetic analysis. Based on larval and adult morphology, and host plant use (Euphorbiaceae) these taxa are considered closely related to Batesia and Panacea (Seitz 1916, Ackery 1984, Harvey 1991).

Preparation of material. Genitalia were prepared with a standard treatment of 10% potassium hydroxide, examined with a stereomicroscope, and subsequently stored in glycerol. Illustrations are given in Figs. 11-13.

Characters and terminology. Our character matrix

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Fig. 2. Batesia hypochlora, ventral. Left column,

includes 53 characters (43 binary and 10 multistate), of which 24 were derived from males (23 from genitalia, one from wing coloration), 7 derived from females (6 from genitalia and one from wing coloration), and 22 from both sexes (16 from wing patterns, four from venation, one from forelegs and one from body scales).

Terminology for adult external morphology follows Scoble (1992). Terminology for male and female genitalia follows Klots (1970) except for the use of hypan-drium and ramus, which follow the definitions in the glossary of Tuxen (1970) and Jenkins (1986, 1987, 1990). We use hypandrium to mean "a male subgenital plate," and ramus as "lateral or ventro-lateral process of male eighth sternite, directed posteriorly" (see glossary in Tuxen 1970; Jenkins 1983, 1986). In character 10 we follow D'Abrera (1987) where a "complete ocellus" consists of a spot surrounded by a round ring (e.g., P. procilla, Fig. 6), and an "incomplete ocellus" is a spot without a round outer ring (e.g., P. bleuzeni, Fig. 7).

Phylogenetic analysis. We used a heuristic search in PAUP 3.1 (Swofford 1993) with all characters given equal weight, multi-state characters unordered, polymorphic characters treated as exhibiting both states, and the search used a TBR branch swapping routine.

Garza Cocha, Ecuador; right column, Rondonia, Brazil.

Following analysis, Biblis hyperia was used to root the tree. Branch support was estimated by 500 bootstrap replicates, and we used MacClade 3.01 (Maddison & Maddison 1992) to identify character changes along the branches of the tree. The character list and data matrix are in Appendix 1 and 2.

Results

Phylogeny

Our analysis indicates that Panacea and Batesia are monophyletic, sister taxa. The single most parsimonious tree (tree length = 79, CI = 0.82, RI = 0.88) suggests that Batesia hypochlora is a sister species to Panacea, a relationship supported by four characters (Fig. 14; Table 2, clade 1). We found 11 autapomor-phies for B. hypochlora (Table 2, clade 2), and nine characters that justify the monophyly of Panacea (Table 2, clade 3). Our analysis also showed that all members of Panacea are morphologically similar, but they differ strongly from Batesia hypochlora.

Among Panacea the genital morphology was notably conservative, and characters providing the basis for inferring species relationships were derived mostly from wing morphology. Only one male genital character (hy-

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Fig. 3. Panacea prola, dorsal and ventral. Top row, left, male; right, female. Bottom row, left male; right, female. All from Garza Cocha, Ecuador.

pandrium, character 28) could be used to distinguish among Panacea species. However, as it represents an au-tapomorpby for P. divalis, character 28 was uninforma-tive for establishing phylogenetic relationships within Panacea. The grouping of P. regina, P. divalis, P bleuzeni and P. procilla was supported by seven characters, all derived from wing pattern morphology (Table 2, clade 4). One character justified grouping P. divalis, P. bleuzeni and P. procilla (Table 2, clade 5) and a single character grouped P. bleuzeni and P. procilla (Table 2, clade 6).

Identification and Taxonomy

Here we provide synonymies, characters for identification of the study taxa, approximate geographical distributions, and comments on phenotypic variation of the species included in our analysis. For completeness, we also provide taxonomic notes on P. chalcothea, although we did not examine this taxon directly.

Batesia Felder and Felder, 1862

Batesia Felder and Felder, 1862. Wien. ent. Monats. 6:112.

Batesia hypochlora Felder and Felder, 1862 (Figs. 1, 2, 11, 13)

Batesia hypochlora Felder and Felder, 1862. Wien.

ent. Monats. 6:113 Batesia hypochlora hypoxantha Salvin and Godman,

1868. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)2:147 Batesia hypochlora hemichrysa Salvin and Godman,

1868. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)2:147 Batesia hypochlora chrysocantha Fruhstorfer, 1915.

Soc. ent. 30(12):66 Batesia hypochlora f. intermedia Michael, 1931. Ent.

Zeit. 44(20):309-312

Species characters. Forewing dorsal surface dark iridescent blue from basal to submedial areas, a prominent postmedial red band surrounded by black, apex iridescent blue. Hindwing dorsal surface mostly iridescent blue, with a postmedial black band and an iridescent blue marginal band from apex to tornus. Forewing ventral surface dark brown from basal to submedial areas and tornus, postmedial red band surrounded by brown, subapex yellow. Hind-

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Fig. 4. Panacea regina, dorsal. Top row, male;

wing ventral surface chalky yellow with a distinct black postmedial band and yellow marginal band from apex to tornus.

Distribution. Western Amazonas, Brazil; Ecuador, Peru (Seitz 1916, D'Abrera 1987, Austin & Emmel 1990, Robbins et al. 1996).

Variation. Judging by the named subspecies (see synonomic list) the intensity of yellow on the ventral surface of the HW may vary. However, whether these names are biologically meaningful remains uncertain. We found little variation in our samples from Garza Cocha, Ecuador, although we note that Ecuadorian and Brazilian material differ in the respective width of the forewing subapical band (Fig. 1).

Panacea Godman and Salvin, 1883

Pandora Doubleday, 1848. Gen. Diurnal Lep. p. 300

PL 3 fig 5 Panacea Godman and Salvin, 1883. Biol. Centr. Am.

pp.274-275

203

•m row, female. All from Garza Cocha, Ecuador.

Panacea prola (Doubleday, 1848)

(Figs. 3, 11, 13)

Pandora prola Doubleday, 1848. Gen. Diurnal Lep. p.

300 PL 3 fig. 5 Panacea prola female f. duhia Kretzschmar 1894.

Deutsche ent. Zeit. "Iris" 6(2): 158-160 P. prola zaraja Fruhstorfer, 1912. Ent. Rundschau

29(6):46 P. prola amazonica Fruhstorfer, 1915. Soc. ent.

30(12):66 P. prola prolifica Fruhstorfer, 1915. Soc. ent. 30(12):66 P. prola amazonica f. hronzina Bryk, 1953. Arkiv. Fur

Zool. 5(1): 1-268

Species characters. Dorsal surface with broken blue-green iridescent bands. Forewing dorsal surface without a subapical line in both sexes, but some females with a faint greenish-white subapical band. Hindwing dorsal surface without ocelli or blue sub-marginal line. Hindwing ventral surface bright red, generally without black markings, but sometimes with a faint black submarginal line.

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Journal of the Lepidopterists? Society

Fig. 5. Panacea regina, ventral. Top row, male; bottom row female. All from Garza Cocha, Ecuador.

Distribution. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas and upper Amazon basin (Seitz 1916, D'Abrera 1987, Emmel & Austin 1990, Otero & Romero 1992, Lamas 1994, Robbins et al. 1996, Neild 1996).

Variation. We found wide variation in wing length, but little variation in color pattern in large samples from Garza Cocha, Ecuador. Small individuals appear to be the result of caterpillars feeding on poor quality Caryodendron leaves, or those that were semi-starved (pers. obs.).

Subspecies. Panacea prola zaraja, from Venezuela, Merida; P. p. amazonica, from the upper Amazon; P. p. prolifica, from Ecuador.

Panacea regina (Bates, 1864) (Eigs. 4, 5, 11, 13)

Pandora regina Bates, 1864. J. Entom. 2(10):213. Panacea regina victrix Fruhstorfer, 1915. Soc. ent.

30(12):66.

Species characters. Dorsal surface with broken blue-green iridescent bands. Forewing ventral surface

with reddish apex and white subapical band but without the distinct red spots outlined by black in discal cell (see P. divalis). Hindwing dorsal surface with a blue medial band adorned with incomplete black ocelli that vary in size, and may reach the distal margin of the band; submarginal wavy line sometimes faint. Hindwing ventral surface red with broken submedial to medial transverse black lines, the most distal starting at Sc + Rs and ending at Cu2; faint post-medial ocelli in almost all cells; conspicuous black submarginal line. Females often with a short, white longitudinal stripe in ventral hindwing cell M2-M3, nearly at the center of wing.

Distribution. Western and upper Amazon (Ecuador, Peru, Brazil) (Seitz 1916, D'Abrera 1987, Lamas 1994, Robbins et al., 1996).

Variation. In Ecuadorian and Brazilian samples we found that the medial ocelli on the dorsal hindwing vary considerably within populations. In females we found the ventral hindwing ocelli were sometimes incomplete.

Subspecies. Panacea regina victrix, from Ecuador; see also P. chalcothea (below).

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Table 1. Number of dissected individuals and locality data. Abbreviations for source collections are: P. J. DeVries (PJD); G. Austin (GTA); G. Attal (GA); Los Angeles County Museum (LACM); Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM).

T', :'...■:'.-:

r-i-'iP'i'il,''',''i;V,'n'

Fig. 6. Panacea chalcothea, male, dorsal and ventral, plus label. This specimen is an apparent syntype (see Identification and Taxonomy). Note: whether chalcothea is a subspecies of P. regina or a valid species remains to be resolved.

Panacea chalcothea (Bates, 1868)

(Fig. 6)

Pandora divalis Bates, 1868. Ent. mon. Mag. 4(44): 170. This somewhat obscure taxon figures importantly in the history of Panacea, and its taxonomic status is unresolved. Although we were unable to examine material of chalcothea directly, the photo provided by G. Lamas (Fig. 6) may serve as a starting point for identifying this taxon. Here we excerpt correspondence received from G. Lamas that bears directly on the taxonomic interpretation of Panacea chalcothea:

"Bates (1868:170) described chalcothea based on at least 2 specimens, one female (?) illustrated by Hewitson ([1854], 111. exot. Butts 1. pi. [42], fig. 4), and thought by the latter to be the female of procilla; and one male from "southern Equador". Hewitson s "female" belonged to the collection of the Entomological Society of London, and that specimen is almost certainly lost, while Bates' male would have been in his collection, and should have gone to the BMNH through Godman and Salvin. There seems to be no Bates specimen of chalcothea from southern Ecuador at the BMNH. However, there is a male specimen from Bates' collection, labeled chalcothea by Bates himself, but from "N Peru", and T interpret this as a possible syntype of chalcothea, agreeing very well with the written description of the male given by Bates in his original paper.

Taxa

Source of dissected material

Ingroup

Batesia hypochlora

Panacea bleuzeni Panacea divalis

Panacea procilla Panacea prola Panacea regina

Outgroups

Biblis hyperia

Hamadryas amphinome

Hamadryas arinome

Hamadryas feronia

Hamadryas laodamia

2 males: Brazil (GTA)

8 males: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 female: Brazil (GTA) 1 female: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 male: French Guyana (GA)

1  female: French Guyana (GA)

5 males: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza Cocha (PJD)

2 males: Brazil, Rondonia (GTA)

3 females: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD)

2  males: Brazil (n = 1) and Colombia

(n = 1) (LACM) 1 male: Colombia (MPM) 1 female: Colombia (MPM) 5 males: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD)

3 females: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 5 males: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 3 females: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD)

1 male: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 female: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 male: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 female: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) ] male: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 female: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 male: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 female: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 male: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD) 1 female: Ecuador, Sucumbios, Garza

Cocha (PJD)

Bates may well have confused "S Ecuador" with "N Peru". Anyway, that specimen from "N Peru" most probably came from Amazonas department in Peru. . . . Now, [it] seems to me that chalcothea (based on Bates' o.d. and the syntype referred to above) is . . . very probably a subspecies of regina, or could even be a full species. For the time being, I'm calling those 2 specimens as Panacea regina chalcothea, though I wouldn't be too surprised if they were to represent a high altitude species distributed from Colombia to N Peru (if Hewitsons "New Granada" locality for his specimen is correct, which is quite doubtful)."

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Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society

Fig. 7. Panacea divalis, dorsal. Left column, males; right column, females. Top row, Rondonia, Brazil; middle and bottom rows, Garza Cocha, Ecuador. Note variation in medial bands and submarginal ocelli.

Distribution. Apparently Western Amazonas (Ecuador, Peru) and Colombia (?).

Panacea divalis (Bates, 1868)

(Figs. 7, 8, 12, 13)

Pandora divalis Bates, 1868. Ent. mon. Mag. 4(44): 171. Panacea procilla divalis Seitz, 1916. Die Gross

Schmetterlinge der Erde p. 537.

Species characters. Dorsal surface with broken iridescent blue-green bands. Forewing ventral sur-

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Table 2. Characters justifying the groupings of species and genera. MacClade 3.01 was used to map character changes on the most parsimonious tree. Characters indicated in bold type were unique to the group they support (independent of reversals).

Clade 1. Panacea and Batesia

(2:0) Fringe of scales in forewing and hindwing outer margin solid dark color

(16:0) Ventral surface of hindwing with black submarginal line that is discrete in anal area and more diffuse toward costal area

(24:0) Thorax: ventral portion completely covered with red-orange scales

(27:1) In lateral view: Hypandrium without anterior rod-like projections Clade 2. Batesia hypochlora

(8:2) Males: Ventral surface of forewing apex dark, with a yellow band

(19:0) Forewing venation: M, arched toward anal margin

(25:0) Hypandrium: narrow, plate like, with obvious constriction near the middle of its long axis

(29:0) In lateral view, anterior portion of tegumen extremely projected

(30:1) Uncus tip in lateral view sharply hooked

(32:1) Uncus short

(33:0) In lateral/ dorso-lateral view, base of uncus with obvious large dorsal ridges

(34:1) In lateral view, tip of uncus not reaching or extending beyond tip of valva

(37:0) Distal portion of gnathos small and projected ventrally

(38:0) In ventral view, distal portion of gnathos with a rounded invagination

(43:1) Distal portion of valva with small bare chitinous tip

(53:0) Antrum mostly membranous Clade 3. Panacea

(4:1) Forewing postmedial band expressed dorsally only

(5:1) In dorsal view, forewing subapical white band reduced

(7:0) Ventral surface of forewing with white subapical band

(10:0) Ventral surface of hindwing largely colored red-orange, with or without purplish sheen

(17:0) Ventral surface of hindwing with dark line imposed upon cross-vein rn2-m;3 (at distal edge of discal cell)

(23:0) Foreleg with white scales laterally

(42:0) Distal portion of valva curving ventrally

(44:0) In lateral view, basal portion of valva with large conspicuous ventrally produced rounded projection

(46:1) In lateral view, distal portion of saccus straight to slightly projected upward Clade 4. Panacea procilla, Panacea bleuzeni, Panacea divalis and Panacea regina

(8:0) Males: Ventral surface of forewing apex uniformly dirty red-orange

(11:0) Ventral surface of hindwing with prominent dark line across basal half of cell Sc + R,

(12:0) Ventral surface of hindwing with prominent dark line across discal cell

(13.0) Ventral surface of hindwing discal cell with two black dots in basal half

(14:0) Ventral surface of hindwing with nearly continuous line through medial area that crosses cells Sc + RL, Rs, ML, M2, M3, Cu, and Cu2

(L5:1) Ventral surface of hindwing with dark line not contiguous and line in cell Cu2 more apical than line in cell Cu,

(18:0) Female: ventral surface of hindwing with white patch of scales in medial area of cell M2 Clade 5. Panacea procilla, Panacea bleuzeni and Panacea divalis

(5:0) In dorsal view, forewing subapical white band well developed

(6:0) In ventral view, forewing discal cell with two red-orange spots, one at base and one at mid-length Clade 6. Panacea procilla and Panacea bleuzeni

(3: 0) In dorsal view, male forewing with oblique, diffuse black band encroaching on postmedial blue/green band.

face with reddish apex, white subapical band and distinct red spots outlined by black in discal cell (see P. regina). Hindwing ventral surface brownish red with a faint purple sheen; broken transversal black medial lines, the most distal starting at Sc + Rs and ending at 1A; postmedial ocelli (black "rings") on almost all cells; conspicuous black submarginal line. Females with a short, white longitudinal stripe in ventral hindwing cell M2-M3, nearly at the center of wing. Incomplete ocelli on dorsal surface of hindwing vary in size, and may be absent in some specimens.

Distribution. Upper Amazon (Seitz 1916), Colombia to Peru (D'Abrera 1987) and western Brazil (Em-

mel& Austin 1990).

Variation. In males the dorsal hindwing marginal

band varies among samples from Brazil and Ecuador; the dorsal hindwing ocelli vary from diffuse to sharp; a short, ventral longitudinal stripe may occur in ventral hindwing cell M2-M3. In females the white, ventral longitudinal stripe in hindwing cell M2-M3 may be diffuse or faintly expanded into the two cells above. Subspecies. None.

Panacea procilla (Hewitson, 1852) (Figs. 9, 12, 13) Pandora procilla Hewitson, 1852. Exot. Butt. 1. Panacea lysimache Godman and Salvin 1883. Biol.

Centr. Americana p. 275. P. procilla ocana Fruhstorfer, 1912. Ent. Rundschau 29(6):46.

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Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society

Fig. 8. Panacea divalis, ventral. Left column, males; right column, females. Top row, Rondonia, Brazil; middle and bottom rows, Garza Cocha, Ecuador. Note variation in white stripe centered in cell M9-M3.

P. procilla salacia Fruhstorfer, 1915. Soc. Ent. 30(12):66. P. procilla lysimache Seitz, 1916. Die Gross

Schmetterlinge der Erde p. 537. P. procilla var. marmorensis Hall, 1917. Entomologist

50(651):171-174.

Species characters. Dorsal surface with broken blue-green iridescent bands. Forewing ventral surface with distinct red outlined by black in discal cell, reddish apex and white subapical band. Hindwing ventral surface brownish red with a faint purple

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Fig. 9. Panacea procilla, dorsal and ventral. Left column, male; right column, female. Specimens from Cali, Colombia.

sheen; broken transverse medial black lines, the most distal starting at Sc + Rs and ending at 1A; complete postmedial ocelli on almost all cells, those on cells M^-Cuj and Ci^-Cu,, with iridescent pupil; conspicuous black submarginal line. Dorsal surface of hind-wing with a medial blue band adorned with black ocelli; conspicuous submarginal wavy line. Females with white medial band on ventral forewing, and also with a white band on ventral hindwing from cell Sc + Rj-Rs to M2-M3, sometimes interrupted on Mj-Mg.

Distribution. Costa Rica south to Colombia and throughout the upper Amazon basin and the Guianas (Kretzschmar 1894, Apolinar 1926).

Variation. We observed some males that have a short, white longitudinal stripe in ventral hindwing cell M9-M3, nearly at the center of wing—a pattern similar to females of P. regina and P. divalis.

Subspecies. Panacea procilla procilla, western Venezuela (Neild 1996), P. p. ocana, from lower Mag-dalena River, Colombia (Seitz 1916, D'Abrera 1987); P p. solatia, from Colombia (Seitz 1916, D'Abrera

1987); P p. hjsimache from Volcan Chiriqui, Panama, Finca la Selva, Costa Rica (DeVries 1987, 1989).

Panacea bleuzeni Plantrou and Attal, 1986 (Figs. 10, 12, 13)

Panacea bleuzeni Plantrou and Attal, 1986. Bull. So-

ciete Sciences Nat. 50:23. Panacea bella D'Abrera, 1987. Butterflies of the

Neotropical Region, part III: p. 487, new syn-

onoym

Species characters. Dorsal surface distinctively blue or blue-green. Dorsal surface of hindwing with a blue medial band adorned with large black ocelli; wavy iridescent submarginal line conspicuous. Ventral forewing with distinct red outlined by black in discal cell, reddish apex and white subapical band (similar to procilla). Ventral hindwing with transverse medial black line continuous from cell Sc + Rs to vein 1A; ocelli faint. Females with white marking extending dis-tally along black medial line from cell Sc + Rs to Cu2-1A.

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society

Fig. 10. Panacea bleuzeni, female, dorsal and ventral. This figure is reproduced through the kind permission of B. d'Abrera [Butterflies of the Neotropical Region, part 111:487]. It is the type of Panacea bella D'Abrera, 1987

Distribution. Apparently endemic to the Guianas (Plantrou & Attal 1986). However, it's overlapping range with procilla and close relationship to it (Table 2, clade 6) suggest the possibility that this taxon may be a subspecies of procilla. This point needs critical evaluation.

Synonymic notes. Examination of the collection of the BMNH by A. Neild (pers. com.) revealed that the single female holotype of P. bella is also a paratype of P. bleuzeni. This, therefore, indicates that P. bella and P. bleuzeni represent a single species with bella as a junior synonym of bleuzeni. Comparing the illustration of the type specimen of bella (in D'Abrera 1987) with photographs of male and female P. bleuzeni provided by G. Attal confirms this assessment.

Discussion

Our analysis showed that Batesia and Panacea form a monophyletic group, with B. hypochlora basal to Panacea. Therefore, despite similarities in early stage morphology and host plant use, we reject the hypothesis that B. hypochlora is a derived species from within Panacea. Our study confirms the maintenance of Batesia and Panacea as separate taxa (e.g., Godman & Salvin 1883, Seitz 1916), and serves as a framework for future systematic work on both genera. We note that, without examining material firsthand, P. chalcothea is presumed to be the sister taxon of P. regina. However, the phylogenetic position of chalcothea requires confirmation, including its taxonomic rank.

Insect genitalia are widely used for phylogenetic

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procilla

bleuzeni

divalis

Fig. 11. Male genitalia: hypandrium, lateral view, ventral view (inset: tip of gnathos in ventral view). Panacea procila, P. bleuzeni, and P. divalis

reconstruction and delimiting species boundaries because their morphology may diverge rapidly, and therefore provide informative characters (Eberhard 1985, Porter & Shapiro 1990, Arnqvist 1998). In

Panacea, however, we found that the genitalia were highly conserved and provided no informative characters for phylogeny reconstruction, or discrimination among species. Rather, the species-level rela-

hypochlora

Fig. 12. Male genitalia: hypandrium, lateral view (inset: uncus in lateral view), ventral view (inset: tip of gnathos in ventral view). Panacea regina, P. prola, and Batesia hypochlora.

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Journal of the Lepidopterists7 Society

procilla

divalis

regina

prola

bleuzeni

hypochlora

Fig. 13. Female genitalia: ventral view, Panacea procila, P. divalis, P. regina, and P. prola. Lateral view: P. bleuzeni, and Batesia hypochlora (insets: genitalia in ventral view). Note differences in the number of ovarioles between P. bleuzeni and B. hypochlora.

tionships proposed here were derived solely from characters of wing pattern (Fig. 14, Table 2). Our study suggests that the most distinctly colored species, P. prola, is basal to other congeners, with remaining species groupings justified by differences in wing patterns.

The distinctive behavior and coloration make Panacea easily recognizable in the field. However, in large samples from one Ecuadorian site we found considerable intraspecific variation in both genital morphology and wing color patterns. This concurs with Seitz (1916) who noted that in some Panacea species within population phenotypic variation may be greater than among population variation, indicating that there may be transitions among species with respect to color pattern. With the possible exception of P. prola, such phenotypic variation precludes the notion that sympatic Panacea species can be positively identified in nature without capturing them.

Batesia and Panacea are obvious and often abundant elements of many Neotropical butterfly faunas

and museum collections. Nevertheless, some taxa are rare in collections, and this study points to several questions that will require a full taxonomic revision to resolve, particularly regarding the status of P. chla-cothea and P. bleuzeni. Although potentially useful tools for conservation ecology, little has been reported on the natural history Batesia and Panacea. What we do know is that adults of both genera show significant flight height preference in some lowland rainforests, and that trees in the genus Caryodendron are larval hostplants (see DeVries 1989, Montoya 1991, DeVries et al. 1999, DeVries & Walla 2001). We do not know if all taxa exhibit vertical stratification, if these butterflies use other hostplant genera, or if some species are warningly colored (e.g., P. prola, Batesia) that represent models in mimicry complexes. We believe that field studies, in concert with phylogenetic analyses of Hamadryas, Ectima, Eunica, and related genera is the next step toward understanding the evolution of Batesia and Panacea, and the diversification of the Bibli-dini.

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60

J^J-

iL

Panaceapmcilla Panacea bleuzeni Panacea dimM Panacea regina Panaceaprala

Batesia hjp&ehhm

/; \; „ / % m laodamia ffamadryas arinome Ham** -j •> * :?wwh

»/!>, /..,\ > ^ j >* *t a

&, *<;\ £ ;; , < ,-v

Fig. 14. Single most parsimonious tree obtained from the analysis of 53 characters for 11 species (tree length = 79, CI = 0.82, Rl = 0.88). Numbers above and below tree branches represent bootstrap values and the number of unambiguous changes respectively.

Acknowledgments

We thank Eric Schwartz and the staff of La Selva Jungle Lodge for supporting this and other aspects of our research. G. Attal (France), G. Austin (Nevada State Museum), and B. Brown (Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County) kindly facilitated our work by loaning specimens. We are sincerely grateful to P. Ackery (The British Natural History Museum), G. Lamas (Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru), G. Mc-Gavin (Oxford University Natural History Museum), A. Neild (London), and C. Smith (The British Natural History Museum) for providing historical information and comparing type specimens that helped unravel the taxonomic mysteries of P chalcothea and P. bleuzeni. We thank B. d'Abrera for permission to reproduce his figures of Panacea bella. Comments by G. T. Austin and Andre Freitas improved the clarity of this manuscript. RIH thanks Lee Robertson for inspiration. This study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (DEB 00-96241) and is dedicated to the memory of Sonny Clark, Bill Evans, Thelonius Sphere Monk, and Bud Powell.

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Appendix 1. Character list used in the phylogenetic analysis. Relevant figures are noted, and comments are included when needed. Definitions are in the Characters and Terminology section.

Wing Characters:

1.  Forewing outer margin: concave (0), straight (1), convex (2).

2.  Fringe of scales in the outer margin of wings: solid dark color (0), dark interspersed with white sections (1).

3.  In dorsal view, male forewing with oblique, diffuse black band encroaching on postmedial blue-green band (0); devoid of such a pattern (1). Note: P. bleuzeni was scored using original description, illustration in D'Abrera and photos provided by G. Attal.

4.  Forewing postmedial band expressed dorsally and ventrally (0); expressed dorsally only (1); absent or reduced (2). Note: H. laodamia and P procilla were polymorphic for this character because of differences between the sexes.

5.  In dorsal view, forewing subapical white band well developed (0); reduced (1); absent (2).

6.  In ventral view, red-orange spots on forewing discal cell: two spots present, one at base and one at mid-length (0), one spot present, at mid-length (1), absent (2).

7.  Ventral surface of forewing with white subapical band (0); devoid of such pattern (1).

8.  Males, ventral surface of forewing apex: uniformly dirty red-orange (0); dark, same color as medial area (1); dark, with a yellow band (2).

9.  Dorsal and ventral sides of hindwing consistently with four complete ocelli (0); dorsal side of hindwing with five incomplete ocelli (lacking outer ring) and clearly separated from any black lines (1); ventral side of hindwing with four to six complete ocelli (2); devoid of such patterns (3). Note: To understand the variation in this character a large number of specimens were examined, and we found no exceptions to the patterns described here (see Methods, Species studied).

10.  Ventral surface of hindwing largely colored red-orange, with or without purplish sheen (0); devoid of such a pattern (1). Note: although the presence of a purplish sheen has been used to separate P. procilla and P. divalis, we found this character to be present in both these species and variable within each of them.

11.  Ventral surface of hindwing with prominent dark line across basal half of cell Sc + R1 (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

12.  Ventral surface of hindwing with prominent dark line across discal cell (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

13.  Ventral surface of hindwing: discal cell with two black dots in basal half (0); devoid of such a pattern (1). Note: of the 57 P. prola specimens examined, three had two dots, 22 had one dot, and 32 lacked dots; in P. divalis, four of the 53 specimens had dots merged into a single marking.

14.  Ventral surface of hindwing with: nearly continuous line through medial area that crosses cells Sc + R,, Rs, M,, M2, M3, Cu, and Cu2 (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

15.  Ventral surface of hindwing with: dark line in cell Cu2 and cell Cu1 contiguous (0); dark line not contiguous and line in cell Cu2 more apical than line in cell Cu, (1); dark line not contiguous and line in cell Cu2 more basal than cell Cu, (2); dark line absent from cell Cu2 (3).

16.  Ventral surface of hindwing with black submarginal line which is discrete in anal area and becomes more diffuse toward costal area (0); devoid of such a pattern (1). Note: P. bleuzeni was scored using the illustrations in D'Abrera (1987) and photos from the collection of G. Attal.

17 Ventral surface of hindwing with dark line imposed upon cross-vein m2-m3 (at distal edge of discal cell) (0), devoid of such a dark line (1). Note: in P. prola, three of 53 specimens lacked the dark line.

18.  Female, ventral surface of hindwing with white patch of scales in medial area of cell M2 (0); devoid of white patch (1). Note: two males of P. procilla had similar white patch. In P. divalis one of 12 lacked the patch, and in P. regina two of 14 lacked the patch.

19.  Forewing venation: M, arched toward anal margin (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

20.  Forewing venation: M2 arched toward anal margin (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

21.  Forewing cross-vein m2-m3 + cu,: joins M3 + Cu, at or distal to the fork M3 and Cu, (0); proximally to the fork M3 and Cu, (1); absent (2). Note: M3 + Cu, denotes the combination of vein M3 and Cu, proximal to the fork where they split.

22.  Forewing cross-vein r-m,, and the base of M, and M2: inflated (0); not inflated (1). Body Characters:

23.  Foreleg with white scales laterally (0); devoid of white scales (1).

24.  Thorax: ventral portion completely covered with red-orange scales (0); devoid of such a pattern (1). Male Genitalia Characters:

25.  Hypandrium: narrow, plate like, with obvious constriction near the middle of its long axis (0); broad, curling laterally, without a constriction (1).

26.  In lateral view, hypandrium with long ramus projecting posteriorly (0); devoid of projections (1).

27.  In lateral view, hypandrium with anterior rod-like projections (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

28.  In lateral view, posterior corner of hypandrium extended into an obvious lobe-like process that projects dorsally (0); less lobe-like and not as projected dorsally (1).

29.  In lateral view, anterior portion of tegumen extremely projected (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

30.  In lateral view, uncus tip: pointed (0); sharply hooked (1).

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Appendix 1. Continued.

31.  Uncus: bifid (0); entire (1).

32.  Uncus-, elongate (0); short (1).

33.  In lateral/ dorso-lateral view, base of uncus with obvious large dorsal ridges (0); with small ridges (1); devoid of such a pattern (2).

34.  In lateral view, tip of uncus reaching or extending beyond tip of valva (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

35.  Uncus with obvious, long setae dorsally (0); devoid of setae (1).

36.  Distal portion of gnathos: completely fused (0); bifid (1).

37.  Distal portion of gnathos: small and projected ventrally (0); large and projected posteriorly (1).

38.  In ventral view, distal portion of gnathos: with a rounded invagination (0); invaginated in a perfect "V" (1).

39.  Valva: with dentate process approximately 2/3 from its base (0); without such a process (1).

40.  Process of valva: projecting dorsally (0); projecting medially (1).

41.  Process of valva: with setae (0); without setae (1).

42.  Distal portion of valva: curving ventrally (0); curving dorsally or straight (1).

43.  Distal portion of valva with large bare chitinous tip (0); with small bare chitinous tip (1); devoid of such patterns (2).

44.  In lateral view, basal portion of valva: with large conspicuous ventrally produced rounded projection (0); devoid of such a pattern (1).

45.  In lateral view, rod-like projections of juxta: large (0); small (1).

46.  In lateral view, distal portion of saccus: strongly projected upward (0); straight to slightly projected upward (1).

47.  In lateral view, vinculum with obvious dentate process along anterior margin (0); process shaped as a bump, not dentate (1). Female Genitalia Characters:

48.  Signa: present (0); absent (I).

49.  Sterigma: present (0); absent (1).

50.  Lamella antevaginalis: continuous across ventral surface (0); split (1).

51.  Lamella antevaginalis: fused to edge of eighth sternite (0); not fused (1).

52.  Ductus seminalis connecting to ductus bursa: very near corpus bursa (0); far from corpus bursa, and near ostium bursa (1).

53.  Antrum: heavily sclerotized (0); mostly membranous (1).

Appendix 2. Character Matrix.

Ingroup

Batesia hypochlora Panacea prola Panacea procilla Panacea divalis Panacea regina Panacea bleuzeni Outgroups Biblis hyperia Hamadryas laodamia Hamadnjas arinome Hamadryas amphinome Hamadryas feronia