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GENERAL NOTES
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 50(2), 1996, 139-140
ESTABLISHMENT OF PAPILIO DEMOLEUS L. (PAPILIONIDAE) IN JAVA Additional key words: distribution, Indonesia, Sunda Islands, Malay Archipelago.
Until the 1970s, Papilio demoleus L. was known from southern Asia, Australia and New Guinea, but not from most islands of the Malay Archipelago, except the Lesser Sunda Islands (Corbet & Pendlebury 1978). However, the species has expanded its range and become common in the Philippines (ssp. libanius Fruhstorfer from Taiwan) and Sumatra (ssp. malayanus Wallace from the Malay Peninsula) (Tsukada & Nishiyama 1980). In 1988 Kato (1989) collected a female P. demoleus malayanus in West Java, and reported it as the first record of the species in Java. Moonen (1991) pointed out that three earlier Java records existed for this species—two from East Java during the 1890s (race unclear, see Moonen 1991 for details), and one from V/est Java in 1914 (ssp. malayanus)—but he also mentioned that an established population of P. demoleus had never been found in Java.
However, to our knowledge, at least since 1990 P. demoleus has been rather common in West Java (at Ujung Kulon, Carita, Pelabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi, Cikampek and Garut). We also have observed this species in Central Java (at Kebumen, Kartasura and Surakarta)
FIGS. 1-2. Papilio demoleus malayanus collected in Java: 1, male (Bogor, W Java, 2 March 1991); 2, female (Kediri, E. Java, 4 January 1992).
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and East Java (at Ngawi, Nganjuk, Kediri and Ponorogo) from 1991 to 1994. Therefore, we consider the species has already become established and spread on the Island of Java. We have collected a number of Javanese specimens and deposited these in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. The data for these specimens are as follows: WEST JAVA: S, Kebun Raya Bogor, 5 Sep 1990; 9, Baranangsiang, Bogor, 25 Dec 1990; 9, Kebun Raya Bogor, 24 Feb 1991 (em.); 2$, Kebun Raya Bogor, 26 Feb 1991 (em.); 28 9, Pagilaran, Bogor, 2 Mar 1991; 9, Cimanglid, Bogor, 26 Mar 1991 (em.); 29, Cimanglid, Bogor, 10 Apr 1991 (em.); o\ Cimanglid, Bogor, 11 Apr 1991 (em.); 6\ Kebun Raya Bogor, 18 Apr 1991 (em.); 9, Sukaluyu, Bogor, 5 Mar 1992; o\ Bogor City, 21 Mar 1992; 6\ Curug Nangka, 13 February 1994; 9, Pasir Mulya, Bogor, 7 March 1994. EAST JAVA: 6 9, Wates, Kediri, 27 Mar 1992; 9, Ngancar, Kediri, 4 Jan 1994; 8, Ngawi, 26 Jan 1994. All the above specimens were identified as P. demoleus malayanus (Fig. 1-2). This suggests that the founder of the Javanese population invaded from the west, probably from Sumatra where the same race is now common (Tsukada & Nishiyama 1980). Kato's (1989) record may represent an early member of the present population.
Two males and six females from Bogor were bred from eggs or larvae found on Citrus hystrix DC, C. aurantifolia Swingle and C. amblyocarpa Ochse (Rutaceae). These species are commonly planted in home gardens in Java, and, as far as in West Java, the immatures of P demoleus are frequently found on them. We have also seen a larva feeding on C. grandis Osbeck in Bogor. The Javanese population of P. demoleus is thus supported by cultivated Citrus spp. as in other Asian regions (e.g., Corbet & Pendlebury 1978), not by leguminous hosts as in Australia (Common & Waterhouse 1981). The aforementioned breeding yielded a number of pupal parasitoids, including Brachymmeria sp. and Eulo-phidae sp. (Hymenoptera).
This study was sponsored by PUSLITBANG Biologi with permission of Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), and funded by the International Scientific Research Program of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan (Nos. 02041033 and 05041086).
Literature Cited
CORBET, A. S. & H. M. PENDLEBURY. 1978. The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula, 3rd ed. (rev. by J. N. Eliot). Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur. 578 pp.
COMMON, I. F. B. & D. F. WATERHOUSE. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus & Robertson, Sydney. 682 pp.
KATO, S. 1989. Notes on Papilio demoleus Linnaeus collected in Java, Indonesia (Lepi-doptera, Papilionidae). Tyo to Ga 40:189-191.
MOONEN, J. J. M. 1991. Papilio demoleus L. in Java (Lep.; Papilionidae). Tyo to Ga 42: 93-94.
TSUKADA, E. & Y. NISHIYAMA. 1980. Butterflies of south east Asian islands. I. Papilionidae. Plapac, Tokyo. 459 pp.
Kazuma MATSUMOTO, Tama Forest Science Garden, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Todori-cho, Hachioji, Tokyo 193 (current address: Forestry Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi, Tsukuba 305, Japan); A. WORO NOERDJITO, Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, PUSLITBANG Biologi, LIPI, Bogor 16000, Indonesia.
Received for publication 1 November 1994; revised and accepted 14 October 1995.