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Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45(2), 1991, 172-173

CAPTURE OF CHORISTONEURA PINUS MARITIMA IN TRAPS

BAITED WITH C. PINUS PINUS PHEROMONE

COMPONENTS (TORTRICIDAE)

Additional key words: mating behavior, budworm, attractant, Massachusetts.

Species relations among conifer-feeding Choristoneura (Tortricidae) have received increased attention because many Choristoneura species are economic pests. The polymorphic nature and extensive overlap of morphological characters among species has made species identification within the genus difficult.

Choristoneura pinus maritima Freeman is rarely collected but has been recorded in northeastern North America from Nova Scotia south to Kentucky (Freeman, T. N. 1967, Can. Entomol. 99:449-455; Powell, J. A. 1980, Nomenclature of nearctic conifer-feeding Choristoneura (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Historical review and present status. U.S.D.A. For. Ser. Pac. NW For. Range Exp. Sta., Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-100, 18 pp.; Harvey, G. T. 1985, pp. 16-48 in Sanders, C. J., R. W. Stark, E. J. Mullins & J. Murphy (eds.), Recent advances in spruce budworms research: Proceedings, CANUSA Spruce Budworms Research Symposium. Bangor, Maine, 527 pp.). It is differentiated from C. pinus pinus by morphological features and by its association with Pinus rigida Mill (C. pinus pinus feeds primarily on P. hanksiana Lamb).

Sex-pheromone components have been documented for several Choristoneura species (Silk, P. J. & L. P. S. Kuenen. 1988, Ann. Rev. Entomol. 33:83-101). This information is useful for understanding species relations within the genus because reproductive isolation between sympatric species is mediated by sex-pheromone specificity. P. J. Silk, L. P. S. Kuenen, S. H. Tan, W. L. Roelofs, C. J. Sanders and A. R. Alford (1985, J. Chem. Ecol. 11:159-167) identified a mixture of (85:15) (E:Z)-ll-tetradecenyl acetates (90%) and (85: 15) (E:Z)-ll-tetradecenyl alcohols (10%) from virgin female C. pinus pinus. This mixture was as attractive as virgin female C. pinus pinus in field tests. We conducted this study to determine if C. pinus maritima populations are attracted to traps baited with C. pinus pinus pheromone components.

All field tests were done in a mature stand of Pinus rigida at Bourne, Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Three component mixtures were compared: a 1:1 ratio of (85:15) (E:Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetates: (85:15) (£:Z)-ll-tetradecenyl alcohols (0.3% by weight); a 1:1 ratio (0.003% by weight); and a 9:1 mixture (0.03% by weight). Mixtures were incorporated and dispensed from a polyvinyl chloride rod (Fitzgerald, T. D., A. D. St. Clair, G. E. Daterman & R. G. Smith 1973, Environ. Entomol. 2:607-610) placed in a Pherocon 1CP trap (Zoecon Corp., Palo Alto, California). Each mixture was replicated 12 times; control (unbaited) traps were replicated 10 times. Traps were deployed randomly in a grid (40 m between each trap point) on July 3, 1986; all trapped Choristoneura were counted August 10. A subset of 12 trapped males was degreased, curated, and identified as C. pinus maritima. All four treatments were compared using six pairwise Wilcoxon two-sample tests. The experiment-wide error rate was controlled by using a smaller pairwise alpha level (0.0085) calculated from Sidak's inequality (Sokal, R. P. & F. J. Rohlf 1981, Biometry. 2nd ed. Freeman and Company, San Francisco, California, 859 pp.).

The 1:1 AC:OH (0.3%) pheromone mixture and the 9:1 AC:OH (0.03%) mixture captured significantly more males than both the controls and the 1:1 AC:OH (0.003%) mixture (Table 1). However, there was no significant difference in trap captures between the 1:1 AC:OH (0.3%) and the 9:1 AC:OH mixtures.

These results indicate that male C. pinus maritima are attracted to the primary sex-pheromone components of C. pinus pinus. This finding indicates a behavioral similarity between C. pinus maritima and C. pinus pinus. However, potential hybridization between these subspecies can only be determined from cross-attraction experiments. Unfortunately, C. pinus maritima apparently exists at very low densities; thus collection of adequate experimental material for these tests may be impossible. Nevertheless, the attraction of C. pinus maritima to C. pinus pinus pheromone components should be useful in future studies of the geographic range of C. pinus populations and analyses of morphological variation among these populations.

Volume 45, Number 2

173

TABLE 1. Numbers of C. pinus maritima captured in traps baited with C. pinus pinus sex pheromone components.

Means followed by different letters are significantly different (P < 0.0085), Wilcoxon two-sample test.

We thank J. A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley, California, for identifying trapped specimens, and R. Hansen, D. Jennings, and D. Seegrist for reviewing this manuscript.

Andrew M. Liebhold, USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505.

Peter J. Silk, Pheromone Research Group, Research and Productivity Council, Fred-ericton, New Brunswick E3B 5H1, Canada.

Received for publication 3 March 1990; revised and accepted 10 June 1991.

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 45(2), 1991, 173-175

PARASITOID AND LARVAL FOOD PLANT RECORDS FOR THREE PERUVIAN MOTHS (ARCTIIDAE, SATURNIIDAE)

Additional key words: Dysschema, Carales, Automeris, Braconidae, Tachinidae.

The following are parasitoid and larval food plant records for three moths: two species of Arctiidae and one species of Saturniidae, reared from larvae found in the field. The larvae were collected during August and September of 1987, 31 km NE of Villa Rica in the Pasco Department of Peru. Identifications of moths were based on adults reared from larvae presumed to be the same as those parasitized.

Dysschema sacrifica (Hubner) (Arctiidae: Pericopinae) larvae and adults were very common. Larvae were reared on Bidens sp. (Asteraceae). Two D. sacrifica larvae (J87-34(1) and J87-34(2)) were hosts to Cotesia (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), probably representing two species. The braconid larvae in both cases emerged from the larvae and spun cocoons on the cuticle of their live hosts (35 cocoons were spun on J87-34(2)). The adult Cotesia eclosed from the cocoons over a period of several days, during which time the larvae walked rapidly around the rearing containers. Cotesia is a large, ubiquitous genus (over 1500 species) that parasitizes macrolepidoptera. Arctiids have been known to serve as hosts in North America (Mason, W. R. M. 1981, Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 115:1-147).

A larva (J87-79) of Carales astur (Cramer) (Arctiidae: Arctiinae: Phaegopterini), feeding on Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), also hosted a braconid parasite, Parapanteles sp. Species of Parapanteles previously have been recorded as using Notodontidae and Noctuidae as hosts (Mason 1981, op. cit.), so this record broadens the known host range. The Parapanteles larvae emerged from the body of their host (Fig. 1), then left it and spun their