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288

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society

venation similar to that of female H. feronia in both sexes. Even though H. februa is commonly cited as a stridulating species, behavioral studies revealed that males of this species in northern Venezuela populations do not produce the characteristic loud clicking sounds of several species of the genus (Otero, L. D. 1988, Contribucion a la historia natural del genero Hamadryas (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), Tesis doctoral, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Agronomia, Instituto de Zoologia Agricola, Maracay, viii + 108 pp.). This leaves open the question of whether this absence of stridulation is a particular feature of Venezuelan populations or if previous reports of stridulation in H. februa are due to field misidentifications, a likely possibility considering the similarity of H. februa with other species when seen from a distance.

I thank Dr. Dale Jenkins, Dr. Thomas Emmel, Dr. James Scott, and John Lattke for reviewing the manuscript.

L. Daniel Otero, Instituto de Zoologia Agricola, Facultad de Agronomia, U.C.V., Maracay 2101, Edo Aragua, Venezuela.

Received for publication 6 April 1989; revised and accepted 12 October 1990.

Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 44(4), 1990, 288-289

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NEARCTIC PAMMENE PERSTRUCTANA AND ITS MOST SIMILAR PALEARCTIC RELATIVES (TORTRICIDAE)

Additional key words: Olethreutinae, Grapholitini, taxonomy.

Pammene is distinguished from other genera of Grapholitini, subfamily Olethreutinae, by the presence in males of dorsal hair tufts beneath scales on tergites 6, 6 and 7, or 6-8 (illustrated in the following two sources: Kuznetsov, V.I., 1987, Family Tortricidae pp. 279-967, in Medvedev, G.S., [ed.], Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR, vol. 4, pt. 1, Tech. Transl. 81-52013, U.S. Dept. Comm.; Miller, W. E., 1987, U.S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handb. 660, 104 pp.). In the Nearctic, Pammene is also distinguished from other genera by veins Sc and Rs in the male being united beyond the discal cell (illustrated by Heinrich, C, 1926, U.S. Natl. Mus. Bull. 132, 216 pp.). The known Pammene larvae feed in fruits, catkins, and beneath bark of woody plants (Danilevsky, A. S., & V. I. Kuznetsov, 1968, Fauna USSR, Lepidopterous insects, vol. 5, pt. 1, U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, 635 pp. [Russian]).

The Pammene obscurana (Stephens) species group, long a problem taxonomically in the Palearctic because of indistinct species limits, was resolved into four species by V. I. Kuznetsov (1961, Entomol. Rev. [Entomol. Obozr. in English transl.] 40:506-513). This group is represented in the Nearctic only by P. perstructana (Walker), which I identified after it had eluded proper generic placement for more than a century (Miller, W. E., 1985, Great Lakes Entomol. 18:145-147). In reporting this belated identification, I noted a strong resemblance between P. perstructana and Palearctic P. clanculana (Tengstrom).

Here I compare P. perstructana with P. clanculana and P. obscurana, its most similar Palearctic relatives. I measured dimensions with an ocular micrometer at magnifications of 10 to 45 x, and counted vesical cornuti at 200 x. The main findings are shown in Table 1.

One structural difference among the three taxa involves cornuti: P. perstructana and clanculana have only developed ones, the latter the fewest; whereas P. obscurana has both developed and rudimentary ones (Table 1).

Another structural difference involves valval length. Valval length and forewing length appear independent of one another in the three taxa (Table 1). Valvae are shortest in P.

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Table 1. Values for four male characters of three species of the Pammene obscurana group. Numbers in the same column followed by different letters differ significantly (F-test, P < 0.05). Ranges are shown in brackets.

clanculana, and this departure is thus absolute, not relative to forewing length which reflects overall body size (Miller, W. E., 1977, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 70:253-256). Not tabulated here is the difference in valval shape between P. obscurana and the other two taxa. This difference results from the longer valval neck in P. obscurana, well illustrated by Kuznetsov (1961, op. cit.) who used it with body size, color of sex scaling, and other characters to distinguish P. obscurana and P. clanculana.

Melanic sex scaling of P. obscurana differs from its off-white homologs in both P. perstructana and P. clanculana (Table 1). This scaling occupies the hind wing area between costa and subcosta from the wing base to slightly beyond the discal cell.

Based on the foregoing differences, I conclude that P. perstructana is distinct from both P. clanculana and P. obscurana. The differences, which I assume to be specific, are slight but typical of the seemingly small divergence among species of the P. obscurana group.

For specimen loans and other assistance, I thank L. Aarvik, As, Norway (LA); P. J. Clausen, University of Minnesota, St. Paul (UM); P. T. Dang, Canadian National Collection of Arthropods, Ottawa (CNC); O. Karsholt, Zoological Museum, Copenhagen (ZMC); and V. Varis, Zoological Museum, Helsinki (ZMH).

Material examined. P. perstructana: Minnesota: Ely, 12.VII.65, genit. prep. DH716816; 13.VII.65, genit. prep. DH902804; Cass Lake, 20.VI.72, genit. prep. DH326813 (UM); Ontario: Thunder Bay, 2.VII.81, genit. prep. WEM1911872; Toronto, 30.VI.27, genit. prep. WEM196901; Quebec: Norway Bay, 18.VI.39, genit. prep. WEM1911871 (CNC). P. obscurana: Denmark: Asserbo, 14.VI.52, genit. prep. NLW1621; 1.VI.74, genit. prep. WEM85903; 01ene, 12.VI.60, genit. prep. WEM196902; Favrsted, 14.VI.80, genit. prep. WEM85901; Onsbaek, 16.VI.58, genit. prep. WEM85902 (ZMC). P. clanculana: Norway: Damtjerm, 21.V.80, genit. prep. LA551; 1.VI.80, genit. prep. LA554 (LA); Finland: Saanaw, 14.VII.38, genit. prep. WEM196903; P. Malla, 9.VII.38, genit. prep. WEM196904; Kilpisjarvi, no date, genit. prep. WEM196905; Palastunturit, 1.VIII.51, genit. prep. WEM196906 (ZMH).

William E. Miller, Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108.

Received for publication 26 June 1990; revised and accepted 21 September 1990.