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Volume 39, Number 4
341
Origin and dispersal, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 310 pp.), from primitive to advanced:
Clematis vitalba (Ranunculaceae)
Boussingaultia leptostachya (Basselaceae)
Eriogonum sp. (Polygonaceae)
Erica drierea (Ericaceae)
Tilia sp. (Tiliaceae)
Croton sp. (Euphorbiaceae)
Rubus sp. (Rosaceae)
Prunus caroliniana (Rosaceae)
Eysenhardtia amorphoides (Leguminosae)
Melilotus albus (Leguminosae)
Philadelphus coronarius (Saxifragaceae)
Cornus sp. (Cornaceae)
Ligustrum vulgare (Oleaceae)
Baccharis sarothroides (Compositae)
Senecio douglasii (Compositae)
Chrysothamnus sp. (Compositae)
Cirsium sp. (Compositae)
Mentha sp. (Labiatae)
Sorghum sp. (Gramineae)
It is instructive to compare this list with flower visitation records for Asterocampa by Neck (1983, J. Lepid. Soc. 37:269-274), another nymphalid genus that utilizes Celtis (Celtidaceae) for larval foodplants. The only overlap in nectar feeding for both was Leguminosae and Saxifragaceae. However, Asterocampa adults were also reported on the fruit of Rubus and Prunus (Rosaceae), two genera that appear in the flower visits for libytheids. These facts may take on phylogenetic significance, since Libythea celtis uses both Celtis australis L. and Prunus as larval foodplants (Vladimir B. Polacek, in litt.)\ and Rosaceae, Leguminosae, and Saxifragaceae are closely related. A preliminary survey of flower visitation records for butterflies appears in Shields (1972, Pan-Pac. Ento-mol. 48:189-203).
Oakley Shields, 4890 Old Highway, Mariposa, California 95338.
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 39(4), 1985, 341-342
MALE DETERMINED MATING DURATION IN BUTTERFLIES?
When considering what factors influence the mating duration in butterflies, it is important to know to what extent it can be influenced by each sex respectively. Sims (1979, Am. Midi. Nat. 102:36-50) suggested, in analogy with results by Leopold, Terranova and Swilley (1971, J. Exp. Zool. 176:353-360) on Musca domestica, that mating duration probably is controlled by the female. This may be true in the sense that the female can inform the male when she is ready to terminate the copulation. However, in butterflies it is more likely that the male ultimately determines mating duration. If there should exist a conflict between the male and the female about when to terminate the copulation, the construction of the male genitalia suggests that the male alone determines copula duration. This inference is supported by two incidental observations I have made.
The first concerns a pair of Coenonympha pamphilus (Satyridae), where the female was killed during copulation. On 26 August 1982 in Timmernabben, Sweden, I released
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Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
a virgin female to a male. After mating for 1 h 39 min a crab spider (Thomisidae) attacked and grabbed the female. After 4 h 51 min I left them while they were still in copula but put a cage over them. When I returned half an hour later the copulation was over; the male was flying in the cage while the female was still held by the spider among the vegetation.
The other observation concerns a pair of Pararge aegeria (Satyridae) kept in a cage in the laboratory, where the male for unknown reasons died during copulation. They were found in copula on 5 February 1985 at 1100 h. It was still dark in the cage, and the pair must have been mating since 1840 h the day before when the light was switched off automatically. At 1340 h the light was turned on. At 1700 h the female was found flying in the cage with the male hanging from the tip of her abdomen. Upon inspection he was found to be dead. On 8 February the female was still alive and attached to the dead male. On 15 February the female was found dead, still in copula with the male.
Although not proven, it seems plausible that the copulation is ultimately terminated by the male. Further observations and experiments would be interesting.
Per-Olof Wickman, Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 39(4), 1985, 342
SATYRIUM AURETORUM AURETORUM (BOISDUVAL): A NEW SPECIES FOR OREGON (LYCAENIDAE)
The senior author received a number of butterflies from the junior author among which were three female Satyrium auretorum auretorum (Boisduval) with the following data: OREGON: Lake Co.; 2 miles south of Lakeview, 1 June 1981, leg. Ray Albright. Dornfeld (1980, The butterflies of Oregon, Timber Press, Forest Grove, OR) does not report the species for the state. The species has been expected there; it was taken towards the border in Siskiyou Co., California (Klamath River, near 1-5, fide S. O. Mattoon). This new location also brings the species to within 20 miles of the Nevada border, another state where it is unrecorded.
We thank S. O. Mattoon for providing the northern California record.
George T. Austin, Nevada State Museum and Historical Society, 700 Twin Lakes Drive, Las Vegas, Nevada 89108 and Ray Albright, Rt. 1, Box 277, Dayton, Oregon 97114.