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Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 39(4), 1985, 284-298
AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE BUTTERFLIES AND SKIPPERS OF LAWRENCE COUNTY, OHIO
John V. Calhoun
6332 C Ambleside Dr., Columbus, Ohio 43229
ABSTRACT. Until recently, only 23 species of butterflies and skippers were known from Lawrence County. In 1983-1984 a study was conducted to increase our knowledge of these insects in the county. As a result, 60 additional species were recorded. One species, Euchloe olympia, was recorded in Ohio for the first time. For each species listed, the following data are provided: relative abundance, habitat and nectar sources, extreme dates, and localities. Species recorded prior to this study are accompanied by historic collection data. A list of 21 additional species which should be looked for in Lawrence County is included. Twenty-four species are not known from the adjacent counties in Kentucky or West Virginia. Thirteen species showed differences in abundance between 1983 and 1984 and potential reasons are discussed. Curves are also provided to illustrate relative species diversity during the study. The county possesses characteristics more typical of regions to the south of Ohio and the Appalachian uplands, and several resident species of butterflies and skippers reflect these aspects. A list of species found in Lawrence County, Ohio allows for a more complete understanding of the butterfly and skipper fauna of southern Ohio, northeastern Kentucky and southwestern West Virginia.
Two lists have dealt with the butterflies and skippers of southeastern Ohio (Parshall, 1983; Shuey, 1983). Although Vinton and Athens counties have received attention, other counties in the region have virtually been ignored. The natural history of Lawrence County is poorly known, and Albrecht (1982) recorded only 23 species of butterflies and skippers from the county. The southernmost county in Ohio, Lawrence County is relatively inaccessible and remains insufficiently understood. In 1983 a study was conducted to increase our knowledge of the butterfly and skipper fauna of Lawrence County. As a result, 41 additional species were recorded. The study was continued in 1984 and 19 previously unrecorded species were collected, bringing the total number of species known from the county to 83. One species, Euchloe olympia (W. H. Edwards), represents a state record and brings the total number of species recorded from Ohio to 137 (Riddlebarger, 1984). The present paper describes the results of this study and provides historic collection data on the butterflies and skippers of Lawrence County, Ohio.
Lawrence County is situated on the Ohio River, bordering the states of Kentucky and West Virginia (Fig. 1). The average annual temperature of the county is approximately 13°C (Gordon, 1969). The average annual precipitation ranges from 102-112 cm with snowfall measuring approximately 38-64 cm (Collins, 1975). Frost dates for spring (dates after which there is a 50% or less chance that temperatures will fall to 0°C or lower) are 20-25 April, and for fall (dates by which there is a 50% chance that the first 0°C temperature will have occurred) are 15-20 October (Collins, 1975). Thick river fogs may contribute to a mod-
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Fig. 1. The location, political divisions, cities, and collecting localities of Lawrence County, Ohio. Land within the boundaries of Wayne National Forest is shaded.
eration in climate immediately along the Ohio River (Cusick & Sil-berhorn, 1977).
Lawrence County lies within the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau Region of Ohio. Relative relief ranges from 91-152 m (Gordon, 1969). Underlain by a bedrock of Pennsylvanian shale and sandstone, the original vegetation of the county at the time of the earliest land surveys consisted of mixed oak (Quercus spp.) forests with limited tracts of mixed mesophytic and bottomland hardwood forests (Fig. 2). Mixed oak forests covered knobs and ridgetops and were composed of a chestnut oak (Quercus montana Willd.)-chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh.) forest type (Gordon, 1969). Yellow pines (Pinus rigida Mill., Pinus virginiana Mill., and Pinus echinata Mill.) occurred locally (Cusick & Silberhorn, 1977). Mixed mesophytic forests greatly varied in composition and were dominated mostly by broad-leaved species, with no single species comprising a large fraction of the dominants (Gordon, 1966). This forest type was found on less well drained north and northeast facing slopes (Cusick & Silberhorn, 1977). Bottomland hardwood forests were variable in composition and occurred in older
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MIXED MIXED
BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD
OAK MESOPHYTIC
Fig. 2. The original vegetation of Lawrence County (adapted from Gordon, 1966).
valleys and on recent alluvium and terraces of major streams (Gordon, 1966). Intense lumbering during the 19th century, developmental pressures, and agricultural activities have significantly altered and fragmented these forests. Consequently, no pristine woodland communities remain. Today, the county is more than 70% forested and composed of oak-hickory (Carya sp.), Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana)-pitch pine (Pinus rigida), and oak-pine forest types (Fig. 3).
Dean State Forest and the Ironton District of Wayne National Forest presently contain the most extensive tracts of mature secondary woodland in Lawrence County. Here, controlled clear-cutting and strip mining have created many habitats of various successional stages. The federally administered Lake Vesuvius Recreation Area possesses a man-made lake surrounded by a forest with a rich floral composition. Elsewhere in the county private woodlots of secondary forest, cropland, pastures, and fallow fields are the principal types of vegetational communities (Fig. 4). Wetlands are few, but several buttonbush, Cepho-lanthus occidentalis L., and cat-tail, Typha sp., marshes and thinly
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Fig. 3. The current major forest types of Lawrence County (adapted from Ohio Dept. of Nat. Res., 1984).
wooded swamps of willow, Salix spp., and river birch, Betula nigra L., exist in the northern portion of the county.
Due to its location, Lawrence County possesses characteristics more typical of regions south of Ohio. As a result of a long growing season and low winter precipitation, a few species of plants are known in Ohio only from bluffs along the Ohio River in Lawrence County and the adjacent counties of Gallia and Scioto (Cusick & Silberhorn, 1977). One southern species, American holly, Ilex opaca Ait., is believed to occur naturally in Ohio only in Lawrence and Scioto counties (Braun, 1961). Lawrence County also exhibits affinities to the Appalachian uplands. Several species of Rhododendron, limited in Ohio to the more rugged part of the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau, occur locally in the county (Braun, 1961).
The butterfly and skipper fauna of Lawrence County was undoubtedly modified when the original vegetation was destroyed. Prior to
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* &
■ J®§:
Fig. 4. Habitats in Lawrence County. (Top) Ridgetop oak-pine forest (Wayne National Forest). (Bottom) Disturbed area along the Ohio River (South Point).
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settlement, species adapted to forest habitats probably predominated. Presettlement Athens County was also heavily forested and Shuey (1983) speculated that species characteristic of open areas possibly were absent or inhabited ephemeral areas. A comparable situation could have existed in Lawrence County. Today, the county has a more diverse flora and thus, probably supports a more diverse butterfly and skipper fauna as well.
Methods
The results are based upon 30 visits to Lawrence County during 19 July-7 October 1983 and 27 April-11 October 1984. Historic records were gathered from Stehr (1945), Albrecht (1982; pers. comm., 1983), and the 1979 Lepidopterists' Society Season Summary (News of the Lepid. Soc, No. 2. Mar/Apr, 1980). Although collecting was done throughout the county, Wayne National Forest and areas along the Ohio River received the most attention.
The results are presented in the following format: species name, relative abundance, habitat and nectar sources, extreme dates, and localities. Designations of relative abundance are adapted from Covell (1984). These designations apply only when weather conditions are favorable and individuals are most active. "Abundant" means that a species can be expected in great numbers in the correct habitat and season. "Common" indicates that a species can be expected in the correct habitat and season, and several specimens can be anticipated. "Uncommon" means that a species may or may not be found in the proper habitat and season; or that very few specimens might be found on a given visit to a specific location. "Rare" species are seldom encountered. Distinct differences in the abundance of a species between 1983 and 1984 are shown by listing two abundance designations, one for each year, separated by a slash symbol. Habitat information is based upon observations made by the author in Lawrence County. Nectar source information is provided for species seen visiting flowers and helps to indicate correct habitat associations. Participation in mud puddling behavior is also noted. Extreme dates are given to show the approximate length of flight periods during the study but are not conclusive. Dates are organized as day/month/year. Only positive identifications of specimens captured or observed in the field were used in compiling extreme dates. Specific localities are given for species usually encountered singly or that exist in very localized colonies. Localities refer to those on Fig. 1. Species recorded from Lawrence County prior to the 1983-1984 study are accompanied by historic collection data in parentheses. The taxonomy and nomenclature follow A Catalogue/ Checklist of the Butterflies of America North of Mexico (Miller and
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Brown, 1981), and each species listed is preceded by the number used in that publication. An asterisk (*) denotes a species that Albrecht (1982) and Opler (1983) do not record from the adjacent counties in Ohio (Gallia, Jackson, and Scioto), Kentucky (Boyd and Greenup), or West Virginia (Cabell and Wayne). However, one of these species, Staphylus hayhurstii (W. H. Edwards), was discovered by the author in Jackson County, Ohio in 1984. Specimens collected by the author are contained in his private collection and the Ohio Historical Society collection in Columbus, Ohio.
Results
HESPERIOIDEA HESPERIIDAE
7a Epargyreus c. clarus (Cramer). Abundant. Hayfields, forest clearings, roadsides;
red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca L.);
mud puddles. ll.vi.84-8.x.83. Throughout. (1944, Hanging Rock, A. W. Lind-
sey). 40 Autochton cellus (Boisduval and LeConte). Uncommon. Ridgetop trail through
oak forest, forest margins, roadsides; New Jersey tea (Ceanothus americanus L.),
wild ipicac (Gillenia stipulacea (Muhl. ex Willd.)), purple milkweed (Asclepias
purpurascens L.), common milkweed; mud puddles. 19.vi.84-2.vii.84. Blackfork,
Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius. (16.vi.71, D. K. Parshall). 42 Achalarus lyciades (Geyer). Uncommon. Dry fields, brushy roadsides, margins
of oak forests; red clover, common milkweed. 11.vi.84-30.viii.83. Throughout.
(29.v. 1899, collector unknown).
47 Thorybes bathyllus (J. E. Smith), Uncommon/common. Disturbed areas near oak forest; red clover, ll.vi.84-29.viii.83. Throughout. (26.vi.32, J. S. Thomas).
48 Thorybes pylades (Scudder). Common. Disturbed areas near woods; red clover. ll.vi.84-17.vii.84. Throughout. (17.vi. 1899, J. S. Thomas).
*70 Staphylus hayhurstii (W. H. Edwards). Uncommon. Gardens, wooded stream banks, and trails near the foodplant, Chenopodium album L.; yellow wood sorrel (Oxalis sp.); mud puddles. 29.vii.84-9.viii.83. Sybene, South Point, Coal Grove.
83 Erynnis icelus (Scudder and Burgess). Rare. Margins of oak forest; mud puddles. ll.vi.84-19.vi.84. Blackford, Decatur Twp.
84a Erynnis b. brizo (Boisduval and LeConte). Rare. Margins of oak forest; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-28.iv.84. Washington Twp.
85a Erynnis j. juvenalis (Fabricius). Common. Oak forest and margins; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-5.v.84. Throughout.
90 Erynnis horatius (Scudder and Burgess). Common/uncommon. Oak forest and margins; wild ipicac; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-29.viii.83. Washington Twp., Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius.
92 Erynnis martialis (Scudder). Rare. One female in a dry ridgetop clearing near
the foodplant, Ceanothus americanus. 12.vi.84. Decatur Twp. *97 Erynnis baptisiae (Forbes). Rare. Disturbed areas along the Ohio River; ironweed
(Vernonia sp.), red clover, 9.viii.83-8.x.83. Proctorville, South Point. 115 Pholisora catullus (Fabricius). Common. Hayfields and gardens near the food-plant, Chenopodium album; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), dogbane (Apocynum sp.), red clover. 26.vi.84-4.ix.84. Throughout, (l.vi.1899, Collector unknown). 131 Nastra Iherminier (Latreille). Rare. Brushy field and roadside where the food-plant, Andropogon scoparius Michx., is common. 11. vi.84-23. viii.83. Washington Twp.
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*142 Ancyloxypha numitor (Fabricius). Common. Wet fields, wooded clearings near
streams; red clover, ll.vi.84-17.ix.84. Throughout. *151 Hylephila phyleus (Drury). Rare. Disturbed areas along the Ohio River; white
Aster sp., alfalfa. 4.viii.84-8.x.83. Proctorville, South Point, Ironton. 161 Hesperia leonardus Harris. Rare/Locally common. Ridgetop old fields, clearings,
pastures; thistle (Cirsium sp.), ironweed. 14.viii.83-12.ix.84. Blackfork, Washington Twp., Decatur Twp. 174 Velites coras (Cramer). Abundant. Any open area; red clover, alfalfa, ironweed;
mud puddles. ll.v.84-8.x.83. Throughout. 179 Polites themistocles (Latreille). Uncommon. Hayfields, roadsides; red clover.
ll.v.84-23.viii.83. Throughout. 180a Polites o. origenes (Fabricius). Uncommon/common. Hayfields, dry old fields,
forest clearings; red clover, ll.vi.84-12.ix.84. Throughout. 185 Wallengrenia egeremet (Scudder). Rare. Oak ridgetop clearings, margin of oak
forest; mud puddles. 25.vi.84-5.viii.84. Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius. (30.vi.34,
J. S. Thomas). *186 Pompeius verna (W. H. Edwards). Common. Fallow fields, clearings, brushy
roadsides; red clover, common milkweed. 19.vi.84-29.vii.84. Throughout. 187b Atalopedes campestris huron (W. H. Edwards). Abundant/common. Any open
area; red clover, ironweed, asters; mud puddles. 17.vii.84-ll.x.84. Throughout
in 1983, only along Ohio River in 1984. (2.viii.82, Union Twp., J. V. Calhoun).
197 Poanes hobomok (Harris). Rare. Grassy clearings, oak forest margins, ll.vi.84-26.vi.84. Blackfork, Lake Vesuvius.
198 Poanes zabulon (Boisduval and LeConte). Uncommon. Grassy clearings, oak forest margins. 26.vii.83-5.viii.84. Blackfork, Lake Vesuvius, Ironton. (21.v. 1899, A. W. Lindsey).
*217b Euphyes ruricola metacomet (Harris). Uncommon. Hayfields, old fields, roadsides; red clover, common milkweed; mud puddles, ll.vi.84-17.viii.84. Throughout.
*219a Atrytonopsis h. hianna (Scudder). Rare. Ridgetop oak forest clearings where the foodplant Andropogon scoparius, occurs, ll.vi.84-12.vi.84. Decatur Twp.
*245 Amblyscirtes vialis (W. H. Edwards). Rare. Trail through ridgetop oak forest; mud puddles. 5.v.84. Lake Vesuvius.
*259 Panoquina ocola (W. H. Edwards). Rare. One specimen in disturbed area along Ohio River; white Aster sp. 7.x.83. South Point.
PAPILIONOIDEA PAPILIONIDAE
297a Battus p. philenor (Linnaeus). Uncommon/common. Forests, forest margins,
hayfields, roadsides; joe-pye-weed (Eupatorium fistulosum Barratt), red clover,
common milkweed; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-17.ix.84. Throughout. (26.vi.32, C. F.
Walker). 300 Eurytides marcellus (Cramer). Rare. Forests, forest margins; purple loosestrife
(Lythrum salicaria L.), wild ipicac. 25.iv.84-2.viii.83. Washington Twp., Lake
Vesuvius, Coal Grove. (27.vi.79, F. Bower). 303a Papilio polyxenes asterius Stoll. Uncommon. Hayfields, pastures; red clover.
ll.vi.84-12.ix.84. Throughout. *314 Heraclides cresphontes (Cramer). Rare. Forest margins, hayfield; red clover,
common milkweed. 4.viii.84-14.viii.83. Lake Vesuvius, Proctorville. 320a Pterourus g. glaucus (Linnaeus). Abundant. Forests, forest margins, hayfields,
roadsides; dandelion (Taraxacum officianale Weber), red clover, thistle, common
milkweed, joe-pye-weed; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-12.ix.84. Throughout. (27.vi.79,
F. Bower). 325a Pterourus t. troilus (Linnaeus). Abundant. Forests, forest margins, hayfields,
roadsides; red clover, thistle, common milkweed, joe-pye-weed; mud puddles.
25.iv.84-12.ix.84. Throughout.
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PIERIDAE
*334 Pontia protodice (Boiduval and LeConte). Uncommon. Disturbed areas along the Ohio River; red clover, dogbane, ironweed. 17.vii.84-ll.x.84. Athalia, South Point.
338 Artogeia rapae (Linnaeus). Common. Nearly any open area; red clover, alfalfa,
asters; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-ll.ix.84. Throughout. *344 Euchloe olympia (W. H. Edwards). Rare. Oak forest ridgetop. 28.iv.84-5.v.84. Lake Vesuvius.
349b Falcapica midea annickae dos Passos and Klots. Uncommon. Forests, forest margins, 27.iv.84-5.v.84. Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius. (18.iv.76, Washington Twp., C. W. Albrecht).
351a Colias p. philodice Godart. Common. Hayfields, vacant lots, roadsides; red clover, alfalfa, asters; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-ll.x.84. Throughout. (18.iv.76, Washington Twp., C. W. Albrecht).
352 Colias eurytheme Boisduval and LeConte. Common. Hayfields, vacant lots, roadsides; red clover, alfalfa, asters; mud puddles. 5.v.84-11.x.84. Throughout.
383a Pyrisitia I. lisa (Boisduval and LeConte). Common/rare. Clearings, dry fields, roadsides; mud puddles. 19.vii.83-11.x.84. Throughout in 1983, only South Point in 1984. *388 Abaeis nicippe (Cramer). Rare. Brushy field near the foodplant, Cassia hebecarpa Fern., trail through ridgetop oak forest, grassy roadside. 5.v.84-12.ix.84. Washington Twp., Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius.
LYCAENIDAE
391a Feniseca t. tarquinius (Fabricius). Uncommon. Clearings and sunlit stream banks and lanes near common alder (Alnus serrulata (Ait.) Willd.) and hawthorns (Crataegus sp.) infested with wooly aphids (Eriosomatidae); mud puddles. 19.vi.84-5.viii.84. Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius, South Point.
393a Lycaena phlaeas americana Harris. Rare. One specimen in disturbed area along
Ohio River. 8.x. 83. South Point. *398 Hyllolycaena hyllus (Cramer). Rare. Wet fields and marshes, ll.vi.84-4.ix.83. Symmes Twp., Decatur Twp.
417b Harkenclenus titus mopsus (Hubner). Uncommon. Oak forest clearings, clearing on wooded stream floodplain; common milkweed. 25.vi.84-2.viii.84. Blackfork, Lake Vesuvius.
424b Satyrium calanus falacer (Godart). Uncommon. Oak forest clearings and margins; common milkweed. 19.vi.84-2.vii.84. Blackfork, Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius. (26.vi.32, J. S. Thomas). *427b Satyrium liparops strigosum (Harris). Rare. Oak forest clearing and margin. 19.vi.84-25.vi.84. Blackfork, Lake Vesuvius.
441 Calycopis cecrops (Fabricius). Uncommon. Oak forest clearings and disturbed areas near the foodplant, Rhus copallina L. ll.vi.84-12.ix.84. Blackfork, Lake Vesuvius, South Point.
468a Incisalia h. henrici (Grote and Robinson). Common. Oak forest clearings and margins where the foodplant, redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) occurs; redbud; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-5.v.84. Blackfork, Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius.
470a Incisalia n. niphon (Hubner). Uncommon. Ridgetops near the foodplant, Pinus virginiana; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-29.iv.84. Decatur Twp.
478b Strymon melinus humuli (Harris). Rare. Oak forest margins, hayfields; red clover, common milkweed. 26.vi.84-4.ix.84. Decatur Twp., Coal Grove. (16.vi.71, D. K. Parshall).
503a Everes c. comyntas (Godart). Abundant. Hayfields, pastures, roadsides; red clover. 5.v.84-ll.x.84. Throughout. (18.iv.76, Washington Twp., C. W. Albrecht).
505a Celastrina I. ladon (Cramer). Rare/common. Forests, forest margins, clearings; redbud; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-4.ix.84. Throughout. (16.vi.71, D. K. Parshall).
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506 Celastrina ebenina Clench. Uncommon. Margins of lowland forest; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-5.v.84. Lake Vesuvius.
514d Glaucopsyche I. lygdamus (Doubleday). Common. Oak forest margins, clearings, and roadsides near the foodplant, wood vetch (Vicia caroliniana Walt.); wood vetch; mud puddles. 25.iv. 84-5.v.84. Blackfork, Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius.
RIODINIDAE
*529 Calephelis borealis (Grote and Robinson). Locally abundant. Lowland oak forest margins along south-facing roadbank where the foodplant, Senecio obovatus Muhl. is common; black-eyed susan (Rudbechia hirta L.), butterfly-weed (Ascle-pias tuberosa L.). 25.vi.84-17.vii.84. Lake Vesuvius.
LIBYTHEIDAE
*552a Libytheana b. bachmanii (Kirtland). Uncommon/rare. Margins of cropland, sunlit streambanks and wooded lanes near the foodplant, Celtis occidentalis L.; tickseed-sunflower (Bidens sp.), asters; mud puddles. 26.vii.83-11.x.84. Lake Vesuvius, South Point, Coal Grove, Hamilton Twp.
NYMPHALIDAE
*562 Euptoieta claudia (Cramer). Uncommon. Hayfields, brushy fields; red clover,
ironweed, asters; mud puddles. 12.vi.84-ll.x.84. Symmes Twp., Sybene, South
Point. 565a Speyeria c. cybele (Fabricius). Uncommon/abundant. Hayfields, old fields, forest
clearings, pastures, roadsides; red clover, common milkweed, ironweed, thistle.
ll.vi.84-ll.x.84. Throughout. (27.vi.79, F. Bower). 566a Speyeria a. aphrodite (Fabricius). Rare. Oak forest clearings, pastures; common
milkweed, ironweed. 19.vi.84-4.ix.83. Blackfork, Decatur Twp. 580a Clossiana b. bellona (Fabricius). Common. Wet hayfields, vacant lots; red clover.
17.vii.84-ll.x.84. Throughout. (27.vi.79. F. Bower). 606a Charidryas n. nycteis (Doubleday and Hewitson). Common. Forest margins,
sunlit streams and lanes; common milkweed; mud puddles. 11.vi.84-25.viii.83.
Throughout. (16.vi.71, D. K. Parshall). 623b Phyciodes t. tharos (Drury). Abundant. Hayfields, brushy fields, forest clearings,
roadsides; red clover, alfalfa, common milkweed, butterfly-weed, asters; mud
puddles. ll.vi.84-ll.x.84. Throughout. 635a Euphydryas p. phaeton (Drury). Locally common. Thinly wooded swamp, edges
of cat-tail marsh; mud puddles. 1 l.vi.84-25.vi.84. Blackfork, Washington Twp.
636 Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius). Uncommon. Oak forests and their margins; mud puddles. 19.vi.84-11.x.84. Throughout.
637 Polygonia comma (Harris). Common. Oak forests and their margins; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-ll.x.84. Throughout.
*648a Nymphalis a. antiopa (Linnaeus). Rare. Margins of ridgetop oak forests. 27.vi.84. Decatur Twp.
*650 Vanessa virginiensis (Drury). Uncommon. Hayfields, old fields, roadsides; red clover, ironweed, thistle, asters. 25.iv.84-11.x.84. Throughout.
*651 Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus). Uncommon/absent. Hayfields, roadsides; red clover,
alfalfa. 19.vii.83-4.ix.83. Throughout. 653a Vanessa atalanta rubria (Fruhstorfer). Uncommon. Hayfields, oak forest margins, old fields, roadsides; mud puddles. 25.iv.84-5.viii.84. Throughout.
*656 Junonia coenia Hubner. Common. Hayfields, vacant lots; red clover, ironweed, asters; mud puddles. 17.vii.84-11.x.84. Throughout in 1983, only along Ohio River in 1984. 663c Basilarchia arthemis astyanax (Fabricius). Common. Forest margins, sunlit lanes; mud puddles. 1 l.vi.84-4.ix.83. Throughout.
*664a Basilarchia a. archippus (Cramer). Uncommon. Wet fields and marshes near the foodplant, Salix sp.; mud puddles. 11.vi.84-17.ix.84. Washington Twp., Symmes Twp., Decatur Twp., South Point. (16.vi.71, D. K. Parshall).
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APATURIDAE
698 Asterocampa celtis (Boisduval and LeConte). Uncommon. Forest margins and
lanes near the foodplant, Celtis occidentalis; mud puddles. 11.vi.84-29.viii.83.
Symmes Twp., South Point, Elizabeth Twp. (1930's or early '40's, W. C. Stehr). 704 Asterocampa clyton (Boisduval and LeConte). Rare. Forest margins and lanes
near the foodplant, Celtis occidentalis; mud puddles. 19.vi.84-29.viii.83. Decatur
Twp., Lawrence Twp., South Point.
SATYRIDAE
711 Enodia anthedon A. H. Clark. Common. Lowland forests and margins, shaded grassy swamps; mud puddles. 25.vi.84-29.viii.83. Decatur Twp., Lake Vesuvius, Coal Grove. (16.vi.71, D. K. Parshall). *718a Cyllopsis g. gemma (Hubner). Rare/uncommon. Ridgetop oak forests, shaded grassy swamps; mud puddles. 5.v.84-29.viii.83. Lawrence Twp., Lake Vesuvius. (30.vi.34, Dean State Forest, J. S. Thomas).
720 Hermeuptychia sosybius (Fabricius). Common. Lowland forest clearings, wooded stream banks, shaded grassy swamps; mud puddles. 11.vi.84-30.viii. 83. Throughout.
723a Megisto c. cymela (Cramer). Uncommon/common. Forest margins and clearings. ll.vi.84-5.viii.84. Throughout. (30.vi.34, J. S. Thomas).
732c Cercyonis pegala alope (Fabricius). Uncommon. Hayfields, old fields, vacant lots. 25.vi.84-17.ix.84. Throughout.
DANAIDAE
760 Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus). Common. Hayfields, pastures, vacant lots; red clover, common milkweed, ironweed, asters. 25.vi.84-ll.x.84. Throughout.
Hypothetical Supplementary List
The following list suggests species that should be looked for in Lawrence County. Required habitats and foodplants are available in the county and these species may occur as breeding residents or strays from other regions. An asterisk (*) denotes species that Albrecht (1982) and Opler (1983) record from adjacent counties in Ohio, Kentucky, and/or West Virginia.
HESPERIIDAE
96 Erynnis lucilius (Scudder and Burgess).
100b Pyrgus centaureae wyandot (W. H. Edwards).
104 Pyrgus communis (Grote).
150 Thymelicus lineola (Ochsenheimer).
165a Hesperia m. metea Scudder.
189a Atrytone I. logan (W. H. Edwards).
*235 Amblyscirtes hegon (Scudder).
PIERIDAE
337 Artogeia virginiensis (W. H. Edwards).
368a Zerene c. cesonia (Stoll).
371b Phoebis sennae eubule (Linnaeus).
389 Nathalis iole Boisduval.
LYCAENIDAE
423 Satyrium edwardsi (Grote and Robinson). *425 Satyrium caryaevorum (McDunnough).
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*460a Mitoura g. gryneus (Hubner).
464c Incisalia augustus croesoides Scudder.
*474a Euristrymon o. Ontario (W. H. Edwards).
477 Parrhasius m-album (Boisduval and LeConte).
*491 Erora laeta (W. H. Edwards).
NYMPHALIDAE
567 Speyeria idalia (Drury). *645 Polygonia progne (Cramer).
APATURIDAE 695 Anaea andria Scudder.
Discussion
Thirteen species exhibited distinct differences in abundance between 1983 and 1984. Two species (Hesperia leonardus and Polites origenes) showed an increase in 1984 that may be attributed to a lack of collecting in the proper habitats in 1983. Conversely, another species (Libytheana bachmanni) showed a decrease in 1984 that may be attributed to a lack of collecting in the proper habitats in 1984. Four multivoltine species (Thorybes bathyllus, Celastrina ladon, Cyllopsis gemma, and Megisto cymela) are more common during their first brood, which was not observed in 1983 and consequently, showed a marked increase in 1984. Three additional species (Atalopedes cam-pestris, Pyrisitia lisa, and Vanessa cardui) are migratory and known for their sporatic occurrences in Ohio. All showed a drastic decrease in 1984, suggesting that 1983 was a peak year for migrants or 1984 was poor, or both. The remaining three species either showed a considerable increase (Battus philenor and Speyeria cybele) or a considerable decrease (Erynnis horatius) for reasons unknown.
Fig. 5 presents curves constructed to illustrate seasonal patterns of relative diversity during the study period. Visits lasting more than one day and visits made on consecutive days are treated as single visits. Although several habitat types were sampled during each visit, differential collecting undoubtedly caused slight variations in the number of species recorded. The curves reveal that the fewest number of species occurred in the spring and fall with the greatest number occurring in mid to late summer. The lowest total was 11 species observed 1-2 October 1983, and the highest total was 48 species observed 14-15 August 1983. Although data on 1983 are incomplete, the relative diversities of the two years are very similar from mid-July through mid-October.
Two species are scarce and very local in occurrence in Ohio yet were found in atypically high concentrations in Lawrence County. Although listed as uncommon, approximately two dozen individuals of Autochton cellus were observed in the county during 1984. This species
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is usually encountered singly in Ohio. Previously, only a rich valley in Hocking County, Ohio called "Neotoma" has yielded a large number of specimens from one locality. In Lawrence County, the presence of A. cellus was difficult to predict, but up to 11 individuals were seen at each of two locations. Calephelis borealis is widespread in Ohio but is usually found in low numbers at any given location. However, at the single known Lawrence County colony, nearly 100 individuals were observed in a single day. Another species, Hesperia leonardus, is most often found singly or in very low numbers in Ohio except in the northwestern portion of the state where large colonies occur. In Lawrence County a colony was discovered which contained at least 50 individuals in an area approximately 1 hectare in size. In addition, Pontia proto-dice has nearly disappeared from Ohio, and the Lawrence County record is only the third record in the state since 1966. The county is also the only known Ohio location for Atrytonopsis hianna beyond Lucas and Fulton counties in the northwestern corner of the state.
The southern and Appalachian aspects of Lawrence County are reflected in the presence of several resident species of butterflies and skippers. Calycopis cecrops, Hermeuptychia sosybius, and Autochton cellus are found near the northern limits of their respective distributions. The Lawrence County population of Glaucopsyche lygdamus is included in the Appalachian distribution isolate of the species recognized by Opler and Krizek (1984). Long suspected to occur in Ohio, Euchloe olympia is known in the state only from Lawrence County. The population of this species in the county should be included in the
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more southern Appalachian distribution isolate of the species recognized by Opler and Krizek (1984). Celastrina ebenina is closely associated with rich forested Appalachian slopes in the eastern portion of its range (Wagner & Mellichamp, 1978).
Sixty-one percent of the 137 species of butterflies and skippers recorded in Ohio are represented in Lawrence County. One additional species, Celastrina neglectamajor Tutt, has recently been recognized as distinct from Celastrina ladon (Opler & Krizek, 1984) and may occur in Lawrence County. Specimens resembling this species were occasionally observed but not collected during 1984, hence this species was not included in the list. It is possible that another species, Speyeria diana (Cramer), was present in the county prior to settlement and subsequently was extirpated. An old specimen of this species labeled "southeastern Ohio" is contained in the collection of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History. This species inhabits old-growth hardwood forests and suffered a decline within its range when much of the habitat was destroyed due to logging and agriculture (Clark & Clark, 1951). Today, this species may be expanding (Hammon & McCorkle, 1983(84)). If once present in Lawrence County, it is undoubtedly no longer a breeding resident but could become re-established in the future, especially in the maturing woodlands of Wayne National Forest.
The butterfly and skipper fauna of northeastern Kentucky and southwestern West Virginia is still only remotely known. Since similar habitats exist throughout the region, a list of species known to occur in Lawrence County, Ohio facilitates a more thorough understanding of the butterflies and skippers, not only of southern Ohio, but also of the corresponding portions of Kentucky and West Virginia.
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Dr. David J. Horn of The Ohio State University for critically reviewing the manuscript. I also thank Dr. David C. Iftner, John A. Shuey, Julia M. Cornett, Martin Hall, Joe Riddlebarger, and members of the Ohio Lepidopterists for their assistance and companionship during several visits to Lawrence County. Lastly, I thank Dr. Carl W. Albrecht, Jr., for historic collection data.
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Clark, A. H. & L. F. Clark. 1951. The butterflies of Virginia. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., Vol. 116, No. 7. 239 pp.
Collins, C. W. 1975. Ohio: An atlas. Amer. Printing and Pub. Inc., Madison, Wiscon-son. 310 pp.
Covell, C. V., Jr. 1984. A field guide to the moths of eastern North America. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. 496 pp.
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Cusick, A. W. & G. M. Silberhorn. 1977. The vascular plants of unglaciated Ohio.
Ohio Biol. Surv. Vol. V, New Ser. No. 4. 157 pp. GORDON, R. B. 1966 Natural vegetation of Ohio at the time of the earliest land surveys.
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Ill, New Ser. No. 2. 113 pp. Hammond, P. C. & D. V. McCorkle. 1983(84). The decline and extinction of Speyeria
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gynninae). J. Res. Lepid. 22(4):217-224. Miller, L. D. & F. M. Brown. 1981. A catalogue/checklist of the butterflies of
America north of Mexico. Lepid. Soc. Mem. No. 2. 280 pp. Ohio Dept. of Natural Resources. 1984. The future of Ohio's forests—Looking
good. Div. of Forestry. 15 pp. Opler, P. A. 1983. County atlas of eastern United States butterflies (1840-1982). Mimeographed. Dist. by the author. 76 pp. Opler, P. A. & G. O. Krizek. 1984. Butterflies east of the great plains. Johns Hopkins
Univ. Press, Maryland. 294 pp. Parshall, D. K. 1983. A primary check list for the butterfly and skipper populations
of Zaleski State Forest Vinton County Ohio. Mimeographed. Dist. by the author. 4
pp. Riddlebarger, J. E. 1984. Euchloe olympia, a butterfly new to Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 84:
267. Shuey, J. A. 1983. An annotated checklist of the butterflies of Athens County, Ohio.
Ohio J. Sci. 83(5):262-269. Stehr, W. C. 1945. Notes and records of Lepidoptera in Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 45:18. Wagner, W. H., Jr. & T. L. Mellichamp. 1978. Foodplant, habitat, and range of
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