The text below is grayed out because it is not intended to be read. It is a necessarily imperfect OCR of the original and is only used by a search engine.
272
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
CANADIAN SPECIES OF LITHOCOLLETIS FEEDING ON SALIX AND POFULUS (GRACILLARIIDAE)
T. N. Freeman Entomology Research Institute, Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario
This paper defines the known Salix and Populus feeding species of Lithocolletis in Canada and the United States of America, in order that other workers may present their accumulated data on life history and ecology. The study was based mainly on material collected by officers of the Canada Forest Insect Survey and on that reared by me and my associate, Mr. G. G. Lewis. All existing types of described North American species were examined. Diagnostic characters of the male genitalia and maculation are presented. I have been unable to associate any species with Lithocolletis salicifoliella Clemens (1861, Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia 1: 86) which was described on the basis of the larval mine. The mine is on the under surface along the edge, and usually near the base of the leaf of Salix alba Linn. Until adult material is obtained from near the type locality at Easton, Pennsylvania, the species cannot be recognized.
Key to Species
1. Valvae symmetrical, terminating in a downward curving, pointed apex (Figs.
9, 12). Larva mining the leaves of Populus spp. _____________________________ 2
Valvae asymmetrical, or if symmetrical, terminating in a knob of short spines. (Figs. 14, 15). Larva mining the leaves of Salix spp. ______________________ 6
2. Larva mining the leaves of Populus balsamifera L. _____________ nipigon sp. n.
Larva mining the leaves of other Populus spp. _____________________________ 3
3. Thorax of adult shining ochreous or golden, with a narrow, white, median,
longitudinal streak ________________________________________ populiella Chamb.
Thorax not as above _______________________________________________________ 4
4. Head and thorax entirely white. Forewing predominantly white __._ atomariella Zell. Head, thorax, and forewing not as above ______ _____ . . _____________ 5
5. Forewing with four white streaks from the trailing margin, the fourth small
and near the wing apex. Wingspread 6.5-8.0 mm. ______________ Ontario sp. n.
Forewing with five white streaks from the trailing margin, the fifth small and near the wing apex. Wingspread 9.0-10.5 mm. _____________ tremuloidiella Brn.
6. Forewing with three white streaks from the trailing margin ____ salicivorella Brn.
Forewing with four white streaks from the trailing margin, the fourth small and near the wing apex ________________________________ __________________ 7
7. Forewing with four white streaks from the costal margin ____ scudderella F. and B. Forewing with five white streaks from the costal margin ___________ kenora sp. n.
Lithocolletis atomariella Zeller
Zeller, 1875. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 25: 350.
Maculation (Fig. 1). The following is a translation of Zeller's original description: "Thorax and head white; tuft divided into two divergent tufts, also whitish, some
Volume 24, Number 4
273
of the hairs sometimes with brownish tips. Antennae white, more or less distinctly ringed. First segment of hind tarsus white, apical third brownish grey; the following three segments brownish grey with pure white bases; apical segment whitish. Abdomen dark grey with whitish anal segment."
"Width of forewing not entirely constant, but broader than in comparella and narrower than in populifoliella, without shine, pure white, with a few, black, tiny particles. The markings consisting of clay-yellow or dark ochre coloured spots which have posterior black margins. There are five on the costal margin; the first two are very oblique, sharply pointed; the first is elongated along its costal margin toward the base; the third is less oblique, and the following two, which are greatly reduced in size, are almost vertical; the last smallest one is extended in a curve to the hind margin and encloses the black apical streak. Near the base of the hind margin is a little spot which is often small or obscure, and is sometimes separated from the margin. The first dorsal spot is very oblique, sharply triangular, extending to the apex of the first costal spot, and forms with it a sharply angled broken line. The second dorsal spot, which is widely separated from the first, is longer and variable in size, and unites with the third and fourth costal spots, and since the third dorsal spot is inclined inwardly and also unites with the second, a somewhat X-like figure is formed with its apices extending to opposite margins. The black apical streak is short and margined below and apically with clay-yellow, above it the white ground colour appears as a costal spot (apically from the fifth yellow costal spot). At the base of the whitish apical fringe is a blackish curved line which reaches almost to the third dorsal spot."
"Hind wing grey with paler fringe. Underside of forewing dark grey with four indistinct costal spots which increase in size apically."
"Habitat: Cambridge, Massachusetts (Hagen) where this species is not often seen."
Male genitalia of type (Fig. 9). Symmetrical. Valva long, narrow, arcuate dor-sally; apical portion obtusely angled, recurved and pointed; inner surface with numerous, short, thick spines. Uncus conical. Transtilla arched. Aedeagus tubular, weakly sclerotized. Flap of eighth sternite spatulate; apex invaginated.
Remarks. I have not seen any specimen that will match Zeller's type. No food plant was given in the original description, but because other species with this type of genitalia feed on Populus, I assume that is the food plant. The type is in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. The species is allied to L. tremuloidiella as judged from the similarity of the male genitalia.
Lithocolletis Ontario Freeman, new species
Maculation (Fig. 2). Antenna with alternating fuscous and white bands. Face white. Tuft on vertex fuscous beneath, white above. Thorax white, mottled with black. Forewing with white and golden ochreous markings, the former speckled with fuscous and the latter narrowly margined with black apically. Four dorsal and five costal white streaks. Base of forewing white extending narrowly over the fold to the apex of the first rectangular dorsal, white streak; the first costal streak extends obliquely outward to the fold where it is narrowly connected to the second dorsal streak, situated near the middle of the wing, and narrowly extended apically to join, or almost join, the second and third costal streaks; the third dorsal streak triangular, its apex extending about half way across the wing and situated opposite the space between the third and fourth costal streaks; the fourth costal and fourth dorsal streak usually confluent and the golden ochreous markings between them and the first dorsal and second costal streaks suggesting the letter K; the fifth costal streak short and inclined inwardly; a small, black spot, bordered below with a few white scales near
274
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
fr:: t3"
"J>
■'j^ , ..^pMSlk;
* It:**)
Volume 24, Number 4
275
apex; apex with a curved row of dark fuscous scales; fringe whitish. Hind wing light fuscous; fringe whitish. Wingspread: 7-8 mm.
Male genitalia (Fig. 10). Symmetrical. Valva narrow, tapering; apical portion decurved in variable degree; sparsely covered with fine spines. Vinculum V-shaped. Transtilla a semi-circular band. Uncus long, conical. Anellus thick, tubular. Aedeagus short; apex hooked. Flap of eighth sternite spatulate; apex usually invaginated.
Flight period. August and early September.
Distribution. Known only from many localities in southern and northwestern Ontario, but undoubtedly more widely distributed.
Food plants. Populus tremuloides Michx. and P. grandidentata Michx.
Type material. Type male, Simcoe, Ontario, 5 Sept. 1957 (Freeman & Lewis), rearing lot No. 57-174 from Populus tremuloides Michx. No. 10,890 in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ont. Paratypes: Nine males, six females, Simcoe, Ont., 5-11 Sept. 1957 (Freeman & Lewis), rearing lot number and host same as those of type. One male, two females, Simcoe, Ont., 9-13 May 1957 (Freeman & Lewis), rearing lot No. 57-172 from Populus grandidentata Michx. One male, Simcoe, Ont., 13 Sept. 1965 (Freeman & Lewis), rearing lot No. 65-83 from Populus tremuloides.
Mine. A blotch on the underside of the leaf.
Remarks. The maculation of this species resembles that of Lithocolletis atomarietta Zell. but it has many more fuscous scales in the white areas of the forewing, and much finer spines on the valva of the male genitalia. The male genitalia of Ontario resemble those of L. tremuloidiella Brn. (Fig. 11) but the maculation differs. There are four dorsal white streaks on the forewing of Ontario and five on that of tremuloidiella. Ontario is a Huron Indian word meaning sparkling water.
Lithocolletis tremuloidiella Braun
Braun, 1908. Ent. News 19: 102.
Maculation (Figs. 3, 4). The following is Dr. Braun's original description: "Antennae dark gray, the joints becoming lighter toward their bases. Palpi grayish white. Face grayish white. Tuft gray, mixed with white. Forewings pale reddish brown near the base, becoming more ocherous beyond the middle. There is a short median basal white streak, and a dorso-basal white streak, both thickly dusted with blackish scales, and uniting with the first dorsal streak. There are five costal and five dorsal white streaks, all dark margined internally and more or less dusted with blackish scales, the last two pair, however, not dusted. These streaks are situated as follows: a large oblique white costal streak at the basal fifth, attaining the middle of the wing and prolonged backward; nearer the base an oblique dorsal streak, almost meeting the first costal before the middle; the second costal streak also oblique; the second dorsal streak nearer the base than the second costal, large, oblique, strongly constricted just below the fold, and uniting with the apices of the first and second costal streaks; third costal and third dorsal streaks nearly opposite, less oblique, their apices separated by a narrow prolongation of the blackish internal margin. The
Figs. 1-8. Adults of Lithocolletis spp. 1, Male type, L. atomariella Zell., Cambridge, Mass.; 2, male type, L. Ontario sp. n., Simcoe, Ont.; 3, 4, female type and male paratype, L. tremuloidiella Brn., Kaslo, B.C.; 5, male type, L. nipigon sp. n., Fort William, Ont.; 6, male type, L. salicivorella Brn., Essex Park, N.J.; 7, male, L. populiella Chamb., Cincinnati, Ohio; 8, male type, L. kenora sp. n., Ramsay, Ont.
276
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
fourth costal and dorsal streaks, of which the costal is at the apical fourth, the dorsal at the tornus, form an inwardly convex white fascia. Fifth costal and dorsal streaks also form a curved white fascia. An irregular blackish apical spot. Marginal line in the cilia blackish with a bluish luster. Cilia gray. Alar expanse 9-10.5 mm. Hind wings gray. Cilia gray with a reddish tinge. Abdomen dark gray above, grayish white beneath. Anal tuft grayish ocherous. Legs dark gray, tips of the tarsi lighter."
"Described from specimens bred by Mr. W. D. Kearfott from tentiform mines on the underside of leaves of Populus tremuloides Michx., received from Mr. J. W. Cockle, Kaslo, B.C., Aug. 26, 1907. The imagos appeared during the same month. The mine is large (for an underside Lithocolletis mine), oval, and with a fine fold through its long axis . . . ."
Male genitalia of paratype (Fig. 11). Symmetrical. Valva long, narrow, arcuate dorsally; apical portion recurved, pointed, almost right angled; inner surface with several, short, thin spines. Uncus conical. Transtilla arched. Aedeagus tubular. Flap of eighth sternite spatulate.
Remarks. This species is known to me only from Dr. Braun's type and paratype in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. The species is allied to L. Ontario as judged from the similarity of the male genitalia.
Lithocolletis nipigon Freeman, new species
Maculation (Fig. 5). Antenna with alternating grey and white bands. Face white. Tuft on vertex fuscous beneath, white above. Thorax mottled with black and white. Forewing with five costal and four dorsal white streaks dotted with fuscous, and with brownish-yellow markings narrowly margined with black apically as follows: one at basal quarter extending from costa obliquely outward about half way across wing; one before middle of costa extending obliquely outward about half way across wing, then angling backward as a short, oblique spur; a costal spot just beyond middle; a somewhat outwardly oblique fascia before apical region; a patch heavily margined with black apically near trailing margin, between and posterior to the first two costal markings; a larger patch from just beyond middle of trailing margin, extending obliquely outwardly to middle of wing, and often uniting with subapical fascia. Apical region pale grey with black-tipped scales sometimes united to form a black spot. Fringe pale fawn with a narrow, black, arcuate streak. Hind wing and fringe pale grey. Wingspread 8-9 mm.
Male genitalia (Fig. 12). Symmetrical. Valva long, narrow, with apical portion pointed, curved; inner surface with thin, short spines. Vinculum conical. Transtilla a semicircular band. Uncus very long, conical. Aedeagus long, tubular, weakly chitinized. Flap of eighth sternite spatulate, usually tapering; apex invaginated.
Type material. Holotype: male, Fort William, Ontario, 20 Aug. 1962. Forest Insect Survey No. S62-5112-01. No. 10,888 in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa, Ont. Paratypes: six males, six females, Kivikoski, Ontario, 20-27 Aug. 1962; five males, three females, Fort William, Ontario, 20 Aug. 1962; one male, one female, Sioux Lookout, Ontario, 2 Aug. 1962 and 23 July 1962 respectively; one male, Ono
Figs. 9-16. Male genitalia of Lithocolletis spp. 9, Type, L. atomariella ZelL, Cambridge, Mass.; 10, paratype, L. Ontario sp. n., Simcoe, Ont.; 11, paratype, L. tremuloidiella Brn., Kaslo, B.C.; 12, paratype, L. nipigon sp. n., Kivikoski, Ont.; 13, type, L. scudderella F. & B., probably Boston, Mass.; 14, paratype L. kenora sp. n., Shebandowna, Ont.; 15, type, L. salicivorella Brn. Essex Park, N.J.; 16, L. populiella Chamb., Cincinnati, Ohio.
Volume 24, Number 4
277
,
A
111
;S-i:;.......:
11
^^ • ' ; i^^SllS:''^^^r-3^^
. ^T^S&tS1
"^•v%j- . ■:'-'.^:-.v*:":"
: :■>;;:': ■:■..■■ t*
'. ■
"": :■:::■ "-i-ff:::?i%"":\
\ \
\ 1
. .. ■ :
|* * ,: %L
\
V
h
12
V
1>I.
278
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
Park, Ontario, 22 Aug. 1962. All type material reared by officers of the Forest Insect Survey, Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry from Populus balsamifera L.
Distribution. Known at present only from western Ontario but undoubtedly more widely distributed.
Mine. A blotch on the underside of the leaf.
Remarks. This species has not been found on species of Populus other than the one above. There is only one generation each year. As judged by the male genitalia, this species belongs in the L. atomariella Zell. group, but nipigon is easily recognized by the gentle downcurved valva apex. The place name Nipigon comes from a Cree Indian word meaning the lake you cannot see the end of.
Lithocolletis scudderella Frey and Boll
Frey and Boll, 1873. Stett. ent. Zeit. 34: 212,
Macuiation. The following is a translation of Frey and Boll's original description:
"Of medium size; however, several specimens are considerably smaller; rather broad-winged. The ground color of the head, thorax and forewings is a peculiar light yellowish brown. This color is similar to that of a flown specimen of L. con-nexella Z. The forewings are finely scaled. Head and palpi brownish white. Antennae brownish white, annulate with darker. The legs are brownish white, the tibiae of the first pair are striped with black. Thorax concolorous with the wings, with a median whitish line. Patagia whitish. Abdomen gray, lighter at the tip."
"The markings of the forewings are somewhat indistinct, but are characteristic because of the great accumulation of black scales in the region of the fold. They are as follows: there is a rather straight basal streak ending at one-third the wing length, where it is slightly dilated. It is margined with blackish around the apex. The first pair of streaks are placed very obliquely. Of these, the costal is the smaller and is triangular. The dorsal is of very peculiar form, in that it is strongly constricted on the fold. Both are black margined internally. Usually the extent of the black scales on the inner edge of the dorsal streak is so greatly increased as to form a considerable sized black spot, which extends to the apex of the basal streak. (Less frequently these black scales are almost lacking). The next pair of streaks are at the middle of the wing length, and are also inwardly black margined. (These black scales are also increased so as to form a spot). The costal streak is narrow, almost perpendicular; the dorsal forms a broader triangle, placed just before the tornus. Toward the apex are two very narrow, slightly curved streaks. At the apex is a black dot or a streak bordered with white scales toward the base. Cilia light, darker toward the tornus, with a blackish marginal line around the apex."
"Hind wings dark gray. Cilia somewhat lighter."
"The last three light costal streaks are visible on the dark brownish underside of the forewings."
"The larvae are abundant in October and November on several species of Salix. The mine is on the underside between the veins. It is elongate-oval and somewhat wrinkled. The imagoes emerged in April and May."
Male genitalia of type (Fig. 13). Asymmetrical. Right valva elongate, slightly tapering; apex notched; a recurved, subapical, ventral spine. Left valva broad, sub-ovate; apex with stout, recurved, ventral spine. Uncus broad, subovate. Flap of eighth sternite broad, spatulate (damaged).
Remarks. This species is known to me only from the original description, and the male genitalia of the type, that apparently was collected near Boston, Mass. The type is in the British Museum (Natural History),
Volume 24, Number 4
279
London, England. As judged from the male genitalia, the species is allied to L. salicivorella Brn.
Lithocolletis salicivorella Braun
Braun, 1908. Ent. News 19: 101.
Maculation (Fig. 6). Dr. Braun's type in the United States National Museum is somewhat faded. I therefore quote her original description:
"Antennae pale grayish ocherous, faintly annulate with darker, somewhat darker at the tip. Palpi shining white. Face white. Tuft pale gray with an ocherous tinge. Thorax and basal third of the forewings ocherous gray. Wings becoming more ocherous towards the apex. A white band across the anterior margin of the thorax extends across the patagia and is continuous with a median basal white streak on the fore-wings. There is a short dorso-basal white streak, somewhat dilated posteriorly. The median basal streak is curved downwards, and extends for two-fifths of the wing length, where it is confluent with the first dorsal streak, its upper edge uniting with the apex of the first dorsal streak. A few dark brown scales extend around the apex of the angle thus formed. There are four costal and three dorsal white streaks. The first dorsal streak at the basal fourth is very large, oblique and curved. Internally, it is dark margined just before it unites with the basal streak, the dark margin being continued around the angle and for a short distance along the lower side of the basal streak. The extreme edge of the costa is dark brown for about one-third of the wing length, where the dark line is deflexed, and continues as the dark margin of the first costal streak which is narrow, very oblique, its apex extending to a point just beyond the apex of the first dorsal. The second costal streak is large, nearly perpendicular, its apex opposite to that of the second dorsal streak, which is also very large, and placed slightly nearer the base than the corresponding costal streak, and is somewhat oblique. The next pair of streaks, of which the dorsal is placed just above the tornus, are nearly opposite to each other, slightly oblique toward the base and curved; their apices nearly meet. These two pairs of streaks are margined internally with brown scales. Fourth costal streak oblique, curved and unmargined. A narrow line of black scales extends from below the apex of the last costal streak to near the apex of the wing, and is margined above by a line of white scales. Marginal line in the cilia dark brown, extending around the apex from the fourth costal streak to the third dorsal. Cilia grayish ocherous. Alar expanse 7 mm. Hindwings grayish. Cilia gray, with a fulvous tinge. Abdomen dark gray above, whitish beneath. Anal tuft grayish ocherous. Legs whitish, banded and striped with gray."
"The unique type, a male of this species, was bred by Mr. W. D. Kearfott from a much wrinkled mine on the underside of a willow leaf, collected in Essex County Park, N.J., July 6, 1902. The imago appeared July 19."
"This species is nearest to L. scudderella Frey & Boll, which it closely resembles in the costal and apical markings."
Male genitalia of type (Fig. 15). Asymmetrical. Right valva long, narrow, with a sub-apical, long ventral spine. Left valva sub-ovate, with a long, curved, stout, ventral spine. Uncus long, conical. Saccus U-shaped. Aedeagus tubular; apex barbed. Flap of eighth sternite broad, gradually tapering toward apex.
Distribution. Known to me only from the type locality, Essex Park, New Jersey.
Remarks. On the basis of the male genitalia, this species is allied, as Dr. Braun states, to L. scudderella Frey & Boll.
Lithocolletis populiella Chambers
Chambers, 1878. Bull. U.S. Geological Survey 4: 101.
Maculation (Fig. 7). Antenna, head and legs white. Thorax pale golden, with median, and two lateral, longitudinal, white streaks. Abdomen pale golden above.
280
Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society
Forewing pale golden with basal costal, median, and posterior white streaks, all extending to basal one-third; four costal and three dorsal white streaks dark margined basally; first costal and dorsal ones extending obliquely outward; second and third costal ones almost perpendicular, the second much smaller; second dorsal extending obliquely outward to middle of wing, triangular; third dorsal almost perpendicular to middle of wing; fourth costal near apex, large, rectangular; fringe white, with brownish basal line. Hind wing fuscous; fringe white. Wingspread 7.5-8.5 mm. Legs white.
Male genitalia (Fig. 16). Asymmetrical. Valva broad; apical portion with thick spines; left valva with curved apical spine. Uncus long, conical. Saccus U-shaped. Aedeagus tubular; apex barbed. Flap of eighth sternite subtriangular. Distribution. Known to me only from Kentucky and Ohio. Mine. A small tentiform underside blotch on the leaves of Populus alba L.
Remarks. On the basis of the male genitalia, this species belongs to the L. atomariella Zell. group. Chamber's type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., consists of only the fore wings. My description was made from specimens from Cincinnati, Ohio. According to Braun (1908, Revision of the North American species of the genus Lithocolletis, p. 304) "the pupa is not enclosed in a cocoon, but its anal end is attached to a small button of silk toward one end of the roof of the mine."
Chambers described this species from specimens from Kentucky and Ohio. Apparently, the only remaining specimen of his material, is one in the Museum of Comparative Zoology. This consists of both forewings glued to a pin and bears the following three labels: "type 1510"; "122"; "Kentucky." This specimen, which I have examined, I designate as lecto-type.
Lithocolletis kenora Freeman, new species
Maculation (Fig. 8). Antenna with alternating brown and white bands. Face glossy white. Tuft on vertex white, mixed with dark brown. Thorax white, sometimes with a few, dark-brown speckles. Forewing white with glossy fawn markings, edged apically with black, and with five costal and four dorsal white streaks sometimes containing a few, scattered, blackish scales. The glossy fawn markings arranged as follows: a small, often elongate one in anal region; an outwardly oblique fascia extending from basal one-quarter of costa to middle of wing, then abruptly angled to trailing margin, sometimes with a narrow band of white separating costal and dorsal portions; another oblique fascia extending from costal half to above fold, where a somewhat anteriorly curved spur extends to a K-shaped fascia located near apical three-quarters; at apex a small patch, almost enclosing a small black dot, and with a curved spur extending to costa; apical patch markedly edged with a curved black line. Fringe whitish grey. Hind wing fuscous with lighter fringe. Wingspread 8—9 mm.
Male genitalia (Fig. 14). Symmetrical. Valva broad; dorsal region with a large patch of spines; an area of about ten scattered spines near middle of ventral margin; a spinose knob and a blunt hook on ventral margin, near apex; apical margin sometimes with a blunt tooth. Uncus long, conical. Transtilla rectangular. Saccus broadly V-shaped. Aedeagus long, tubular, with a long, chitinized supporting rod, and barbed apex. Flap of eighth sternite spatulate.
Type. Male, Ramsay, Ont., 3 Aug. 1962, No. 10,889 in the Canadian National
Volume 24, Number 4
281
Collection, Ottawa. Paratypes: two males, three females, Red Lake, Ont., 15 Aug. 1962. One male, Shebandowan, Ont., 9 Aug. 1963. One male, one female, English River, Ont., 23-25 Aug. 1962. One male, Ramsay, Ont., 3 Aug. 1962. One female, Ignace, Ont., 29 Aug. 1962. One female, Finland, Ont., 17 Aug. 1962. All type material reared from Salix spp. by officers of the Forest Insect Survey, Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry.
Distribution. Known only from western Ontario, but undoubtedly more widely distributed.
Mine. A blotch on the underside of the leaf.
Remarks. Clemens (1861, Proc. ent. Soc. Philadelphia 1: 81) described Lithocolletis salicifoliella from a mine found on Salix alba L. at Easton, Pennsylvania. He reared no adults but stated: "The mine is on the undersurface, usually near the base of the leaf and along the edge." Until specimens are reared from Salix at Easton, it is impossible to apply the name salicifoliella to any known species. As judged by the male genitalia, kenora is closely related to the Rubus feeding Japanese species L. pulchra Kumata, which possesses a median, basal, white streak. This is absent in kenora.
The place Kenora used to be called Rat Portage. It was changed to Kenora, a word derived from the first two letters of the following: Kee-watin, Norman River and Rat Portage.
Acknowledgments
I am indebted to the following persons who have assisted me by lending types, or providing information on them: Dr. A. F. Braun, Cincinnati, Ohio; Drs. D. R. Davis and R. W. Hodges, United States National Museum, Washington, D.C.; Messrs. P. E. S. Whalley and A. Watson, British Museum (Natural History), London, England; Dr. P. J. Darlington, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass.; Mr. O. H. Lindquist and others, Forest Insect Survey, Canada Department of Fisheries and Forestry, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Finally, I appreciate the assistance of Mrs. A. Mutuura, Ottawa, Ontario, who prepared most of the coloured illustrations accompanying this paper.