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77-Brown JR-1.jpg)
Explanation of Map I
Portion of south central Brazil, showing approximate extent of the central plateau, or planalto, and indicating collection localities.
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Volume 21 1967 Number 2
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LEPIDOPTERA OF THE CENTRAL BRAZIL PLATEAU. I.
PRELIMINARY LIST OF RHOPALOCERA: INTRODUCTION,
NYMPHAL1DAE, LIBYTHEIDAE
Keith S. Brown, Jr.
Centro de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais, Faculdade de Farmacia e Bioquimica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Olaf H. H. Mielke
Universidade Federal de Parana, Curitiba, Parana, Brazil
The insect fauna of the central plateau (planalto central) of Brazil is so poorly known that most published species distribution maps simply leave the entire area blank. For example, Heliconius erato phyllis, the most generally distributed butterfly of the area, does not seem to be known from the planalto in the majority of the major world museums (see Emsley, 1964). Spitz collected a great deal in the area in the 1930's and deposited much of the material in Germany and Austria, but only very brief publications have resulted from this, dealing with certain new species and some general aspects (Spitz, 1930, 1931a, 1931b; Seitz, 1930-1932).
There has been considerable material published concerning species collected by Herbert H. Smith in the 1890's at Chapada, Mato Grosso. We presume that this is Chapada dos Guimaraes, about 30 miles east of Cuiaba at about 750 meters elevation. However, much of the material reported from "Chapada" may have been collected at lower elevations in Mato Grosso, for it is more typical of the pantanal or the Amazon drainage of the state than the cerrado portion. There are also several other Chapadas in the state of Mato Grosso, and we have not succeeded in discovering with certainty at which one Mr. Smith made his collections.
Even Chapada dos Guimaraes presents some questions in relation to inclusion in the present list. It is separated from the large body of the Mato Grosso-Goias cerrado by a considerable area of less than 600 meters elevation. A list of Rhopalocera for the settlement of Buriti, elev. 700
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Explanation of Map I
Portion of south central Brazil, showing approximate extent of the central plateau, or planalto, and indicating collection localities.
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meters and on the Chapada dos Guimaraes near the town of Chapada (Talbot, 1928) shows 35 species not on the present list. Of these, 11 are mentioned herein as expected to be added to this list; while 12 are Amazonian and have not been noted by us for any other areas of the planalto.
Thus, we regard the Chapada dos Guimaraes, which may or not be the "Chapada" of the literature, as a northwestern blend zone of the cerrado fauna with the upper Amazonian/Bolivian fauna, and exclude it from our consideration.
In order to begin to understand the Lepidoptera of this "savanna" area, we made several excursions totalling four weeks in midsummer, early winter, and late winter into the heart of the area, the new Distrito Federal encompassing the capital, Brasilia. The region covers much of the states of Goias (formerly spelled Goyaz, and generally still published thus in the literature) and Minas Gerais and parts of Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso and Bahia (see Map I). We have also collected data from other collections, including those of Messrs. Paulo Gagarin (Rio), Nirton Tangerini (Rio), and Romualdo Ferreira d'Almeida (Rio). We have catalogued material in the large collections of the Museu Nacional (Rio), the Institute Oswaldo Cruz (Rio; in care of Dr. Hugo Souza Lopes, who has also collected considerably in the planalto), and the part of the Spitz collection included in the Departamento de Zoologia (Sao Paulo; in care of Dr. Lauro P. Travassos Filho). We have determined the majority of this material (with the notable exceptions of "Euptychia' and certain Theclinae) and present here a preliminary list of Rhopalocera, along with comments on the species, distributional and seasonal data, and broad relationships of the fauna to neighboring faunal regions of Brazil. Future papers will deal with Heterocera, Rhopalocera forms as yet unidentified and records accumulated later, and the fauna of the "blend zone" at the southern limit of the region, as well as further studies as they may present themselves.1
The Area
The planalto central is roughly crescent-shaped (see Map I) and is approximately centered on the new capital Brasilia. It comprises nearly 650,000 square kilometers and lies at an altitude of 600-1300 meters, between the Amazon basin to the north and west, the River Plate basin to the southwest, the Sao Francisco River basin to the northeast, and the Serra do Mar mountain ranges to the southeast. The region is characterized by strongly marked wet (October-March) and dry (April-
"L We invite collectors or curators possessing specimens from known localities within the area to communicate with us, so that we may compile this data for future supplements to this list.
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77-Brown JR-2.jpg) l^*^^^
7////^/////^////^/^//,
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Explanation of Map II
Detail sketch map of vicinity of Brasilia, showing Distrito Federal.
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September) seasons. Despite generally poor soil ("cerrado," resembling the North American Great Basin), a large number of plant species occurs here, with interspersed wooded swamps and dry deciduous woodlands. The latter contain the majority of the Lepidoptera. Few true mountains are present, although some steep areas are encountered, particularly in major watersheds. Most watercourses flow the year around. The three major river systems bordering the area originate in the vicinity of Brasilia to produce striking vegetation contrasts in a relatively small area. Information on the vegetation of the planalto is best obtained in the papers presented to the Sociedade Botanica do Brasil; this information has been summarized recently (Heringer, 1966).
We have set the borders of the planalto at 600 meters elevation from the northeast around through northwest to the southwest, where the planalto is bordered by river systems. At the southeastern edge of the area, the flora and fauna of the planalto blend over a rather narrow zone into the more varied flora and fauna of the Serra do Mar, the southeast coastal mountain area of Brazil, without dramatic changes in elevation. We have drawn our limit on the Belo Horizonte-Brasilia highway just southeast of Paraopeba, Minas Gerais, where the forest fauna shows fewer than half a dozen butterfly species characteristic of the Serra do Mar and not found further north over the majority of the planalto. Thirty kilometers south (Sete Lagoas) or east (Serra do Cipo) of Paraopeba, the terrain becomes more mountainous and forested, the cerrado of red soil is replaced by open grassland of richer brown soil, and a day's collection will produce dozens of species not known from localities within our area of concern. We have drawn the boundary more approximately in other areas, using terrain maps as a guide.
Collecting Localities
The following list includes material from 25 localities, in addition to some isolated records from other points. These areas are designated on the accompanying Maps. The localities and abbreviations as used on the list are as follows (localities 1-8 are shown on Map II, nos. 9-24 on Map I).
1. Sobradinho River (SobrdR) — Creek crossing BR-020 just southwest of Sobradinho, Distrito Federal; swampy woods along northwest side of highway. Elevation 1025 m; drainage River Plate.
2. Sobradinho Woods (SobrdW) — Dry woods and adjoining cerrado along southeast side of highway, above and southwest of Sobradinho River valley (Corrego Capao Grande). Elevation 1050-1150 m; drainage River Plate. By far the richest of all the areas collected by the authors.
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77-Brown JR-3.jpg) |
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Fig. 1. Heavy, moist woods (e.g., Paraopeba, Minas Gerais); lower elevations, 600-900 m. Typical Lepidoptera: Satyrinae, especially Taygetis, Ithomiinae, Heliconius, bait-attracted Nymphalinae, Morpho, Paridas, many characteristic Riodininae and skippers.
3. Chapada da Contagem (Contagem) = Dry woods on dirt road to rock quarry (Fercal) north of Brasilia, Distrito Federal (on Chapada da Contagem, 21 airline kilometers due north of the Rodoviaria in Brasilia). Elevation 900 m; drainage Amazon River
4. Fercal — Ribeirao da Contagem below rock quarry (known as Fercal) at the end of above dirt road, 24 km north of the Rodoviaria; heavy steep woods, wide river with sand bars and cliffs. Elevation 840 m; drainage Amazon River.
5. Rio Maranhao (Maranhdo) — Upper Rio Maranhao, where crossed by dirt road with high bridge, 30 km north of the Palacio da Alvorada, Brasilia; open woods, riverside forest (mata ciliar), dense, moist forest, sand bars, Amazon-type upland open woods (caatinga). Probably just inside Goias. Elevation 700 m; drainage Amazon River.
6. Jardim Zoologico (JZool) = Parque (Jardim) Zoologico de Brasilia (forest, swamps, marshes, fields at southwest tip of lake). Elevation 1020 m; drainage River Plate.
7. Brasilia Country Club (BrasCC) = Woods behind Catetinho and lying almost wholly within the property of the Brasilia Country Club,
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Fig. 2. Sparse, moist woods (e.g., Parque Zoologica, Brasilia); swampy and common near watercourses. Typical Lepidoptera: Ithomiinae in great numbers, Heliconius, Dynamine, Hamadryas, Catonephele, Anaea, some Riodininae, and many skippers.
by BR-040 just south of Brasilia; also adjacent cerrado and marshes. Elevation 1200 m; drainage River Plate.
8. Parque do Gama (PGama) = Municipal park of the satellite city of Gama, Distrito Federal; heavy steep forest above rushing stream. Elevation 1100 m; drainage River Plate.
9. Chapada dos Veadeiros (Vead) - town and vicinity of Veadeiros, Goias. Elevation 1000 m; drainage Amazon River; exact localities and dates of specimens not known.
10. Cavalcante (Cav) = town of Cavalcante, central Goias. Elevation 900 m; drainage Amazon River; exact localities and dates of specimens not known.
11. Taguatinga (Tag) - Town of Taguatinga (Santa Maria de Taguatinga), east-central Goias. (Not the satellite city of present-day Brasilia known as 'Vila de Taguatinga"). Elevation 700-800 m; drainage Amazon River; exact localities and dates of specimens not known.
12. Anapolis (Anap) ~ City of Anapolis, south-central Goias, and environs. Elevation 1000 m; drainage River Plate; exact localities not known, but most dates specified.
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Fig. 3. Front of a dry, deciduous upland woods around a cabeceira or "water-head" (e.g., Brasilia Country Club); occurring in all parts of the planalto, especially at higher elevations and along fast-flowing streams. Typical Lepidoptera: Pareupty-chia, Taygetis, Heliconius, Morpho, Agrias, Tigridia, and other bait-attracted Nymphalinae, Mesosemia and many other characteristic Riodininae, Dismorphiinae, and many skippers. In general the richest fauna] habitat in rhe planalto.
13. Goiania (Goiania) = city of Goiania, south-central Goias. Elevation 800 m; drainage River Plate. Exact localities known in some cases (Horto Florestal, Vila Nova Brasilia, Santa Genoveva), dates usually known.
14. Campinas (Camp) = suburb of present-day Goiania once a separate city, called Campinas. Elevation 800 m; drainage River Plate; exact localities not known.
15. Fazenda Rio Claro (RClaro) = Fazenda Rio Claro on the Rio Claro, west Goias. Elevation 850 m; drainage River Plate.
16. Leopoldo Bulhoes (Leop) — town of Leopoldo Bulhoes, south Goias. Elevation 1000 m; drainage River Plate; exact collecting localities for specimens not known.
17. Vianopolis (Vian) — town on Vianopolis, south Goias. Elevation 1000 m; drainage River Plate; exact localities unknown.
18. Araguary (Arag) = town of Araguary, in the triangle area of Minas Gerais. Elevation 650 m; drainage River Plate; exact collecting localities not known.
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Fig. 4. Typical cerrado (e.g., Brasilia Country Club); covers the vast majority of the planalto. A depauperate but characteristic Lepidoptera fauna: endemic Satyrinae, Phyciodes pedorna, Hamadryas, Evonyme bechina, Libythina cuvieri, Callicore sorana, many endemic Theclini, a few endemic Riodininae, Papilio thoas, Phoebis, and many skippers.
19. Uberlandia (Uberl) = city of Uberlandia, in the Minas Gerais triangle just south of Araguary. Elevation 800 m; drainage River Plate; exact collecting localities unknown.
20. Paracatu (Parac)— town of Paracatu, N. Minas Gerais. Exact locality not known, but probably close to following.
21. Kilometer 485 (K485) = woods along stream west of BR-040 (Belo Horizonte-Brasilia) Km. 482-488, municipio Paracatu, Minas Gerais. Elevation 600 m; drainage Sao Francisco River.
22. Kilometer 222 (K222) = Swampy woods and cerrado along BR-040, Km. 222, municipio Felixlandia, Minas Gerais. Elevation (estimated) 700 m; drainage Sao Francisco River.
23. Paraopeba Estacao Florestal de Experimentacao (PPEflex) = original Horto Florestal, Ministry of Agriculture, Paraopeba, Minas Gerais. (Km. 116 of BR-040, Belo Horizonte-Brasilia). Typical cerrado with a little riparian forest. Elevation 740 m; drainage Sao Francisco River.
24. Paraopeba Woods (PPW) = Heavy moist forest 3 Km. east of BR-040 in Paraopeba. Elevation 750 m; drainage Sao Francisco River.
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25. "Goyaz" (Go) — state of Goias in general, locality unknown. Mostly collected in 1926 and possibly near Goiania.
In addition to locality as above, each species includes date(s) and abundance. Abundance is represented either by actual numbers caught of each sex, or seen and positively identified at close range (coded s), or by common (c, 10-50 seen in an average day's collecting) or abundant (a, over 50 seen in an average day).
Nomenclature
The nomenclature of even the best known groups of South American Lepidoptera is still in flux. Therefore, we have used the most recent and authoritative work of which we are aware for each species or group. A large percentage of the identifications were made by R. F. d'Almeida of Rio de Janeiro; many others have been made by the authors, sometimes from the original literature. We have tried to designate sources by appropriate bibliography, and have also added personal interpretations in cases of controversy. We strive only for clarity and do not pretend to make a synonymic list.
Location of Specimens
Unless otherwise indicated on the list (by appropriate initials as below) all recent material from localities within the Distrito Federal (1 to 8), Km. 485 and 222 (localities 21, 22) and Paraopeba (23, 24) is in the authors' collections (if only one or two specimens are available, initials KB or OM indicate location; Hesperiids, unless otherwise initialed, are with O.M.); material from the Jardim Zoologico (6) before 1965 and all specimens from Goiania (13) and Rio Claro (15) with Mr. Tangerini (NT); all material from Veadeiros (9), Cavalcante (10), Taguatinga (11), Anapolis (12) and "Goyaz:? (25) in the Museu Nacional, Rio (MN); all specimens from Uberlandia (19) and Paracatu (20) in the Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio (OC); and all material from Campinas (14), Leopoldo Bulhoes (16), Vianopolis (17) and Araguary (18) in the Departamento de Zoologia, Sao Paulo (DZ). Material from various localities in the collection of Mr. Paulo Gagarin is designated by (PG).
Faunal Relationships
The following list clarifies the intermediate position of the planalto with relation to the much better known faunae of the Amazon Basin to the north, and the Serra do Mar of southeast Brazil. Many of the species occurring on the planalto are widespread, occurring in both of the above areas and generally in most of Latin America. Subspecies usually tend
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toward the more southern form, although a fair number are intermediate between the latter and the Amazonian form, helping to demonstrate the complete cline which may exist between named and quite different forms from northern and southern Brazil. In other cases, a real separation exists within the planalto, the northern form barely reaching the northern edge of the planalto, the southern form not passing the blend zone on the southern margin. A few endemic forms are present, but essentially all of these also occur in the "blend zone" to the south of the region and even well into the Serra do Mar, or else considerably northwestward into the Amazon drainage and pantanal of Mato Grosso.
The following are the species and subspecies which may be regarded as most characteristic of the planalto, those which do not range widely outside the area: Cercyonis luederioaldti, Hypoleria emyra, H. goiana, H. proxima consimilis, Pseudoscada quadrifasciata, Phyciodes pedrona pedrona, Catacore kolyma connectens, Diaethria eluina, Evonyme bechina, E. volumna intricata, Hamadryas chloe rhea, Agrias claudia godmani, Hamearis colchis, H. middletoni, H. theodora, Euselasia mys cytis, Mesosemia levis, Eurybia nicaea paulla, Cremna act oris cuyabaensis, Panara thisbe subsp., Notheme eumeus hemicosmeta, Chamaelymnas pansa, Rhetus arthurianus, Apodemia paucipuncta, laspis violescens, "Thecla" seitzi, "Thecla" melzeri, "Thecla" taunayi, Eurema phiale flavomaculata, Hesperocharis (Cunizza) hirlanda phanasia, Battus (Parides) anchises orbignyanus, B. (P.) burchellanus, B. (P.) diodorus, Microceris variicolor, Udranomia spitzi, Cogia grandis, Anisochoria vianna, Cycloglypha polax, Panoquina chapada, and P. bola. This relatively small list (40 species, 6% of the total) emphasizes the lack of isolation of the planalto by any major mountain range or body of water.
A similarly small number of species and subspecies have reached the heights of the planalto from the Amazon Basin, and are not known to the south of the area in the Serra do Mar. These are mostly Riodinids. A list of the Planalto forms most characteristic of the Amazon Basin and northward is: Caeruleuptychia brixia brixiola, Argyreuptychia terrestris, Amphidecta calliomma, Narope cyllabarus, Catoblepia berecynthia berecynthia, Aeria elara, Sais rosalia rosalinde, Heliconius sarae thamar, Adelpha serpa paraena, Libythina cuvieri, Evonyme macris phasis, Doxocopa agathina, Prepona eugenes laertides, Perophihalma tullius tul-lius, Mesosemia sirenia nitida, Mesosemia maeotis, M. melpia, Cremna thasus, Ancyluris colubra colubra, Chorinea amazon, Metacharis cuparina, Charmona caryatis, C. gynaea zama, Amarynthis meneria, Mesene hya monostigma, Symmachia leopardina hilariay Phaenochitonia cingulis, Emesis cerea, E. lucinda lucinda, Polystichtis lucianus pseudocrispus, Thysanota galena, Juditha lamis lamis, Nymula pelope, Nymphidium
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88 Brown and Mielke: Brazilian butterflies Vol. 21, no. 2
azanoides, N. leucosia, N. lysimon epiplatea, Theope pieridoides, T. eudocia acosma, Graphium protesilaus protesilaus, Urbanus doryssus doryssus, U. albimargo takuta, Telemiades laogonus nicola, Pythonides herennius herennius, Vittius lafresnayei pica, Morys Valerius Valerius, and Justinia phaetusa phaetusa. The total of 46 represents 7.5% of the list.
An even more select group of species and subspecies found on the planalto show their primary affinity directly eastward to the little-explored forests of the northern Serra do Mar in Bahia. These include Ypthimoides electra, Hypothyris laphria, Temenis laothoe bahiana, Hypna clytemnestra forbesi, Chamaelymnas tircis, Barbicornis marginata, and Papilio himeros baia (7 species, 1% of the total).
Many of the remaining species (153, 24% of the total) are closely linked with the fauna of the Serra do Mar of southeast Brazil. They are marked on the accompanying list with an asterisk (*). Those species not mentioned above and unmarked on the list are widespread (382 species, 61% of the total).
A summary of distributional affinities by family and subfamily groupings is as follows:
Satyrinae are mostly widespread, with a few showing links, to all sides.
Brassolinae and Morphinae are linked mostly to the south (a few being widespread), except for Narope cyllabarus and Catoblepia berecynthia.
Danainae are all widespread; Ithomiinae show a good percentage of endemic forms, with other influences from all directions.
Heliconiinae are mostly linked with the south or widespread, with the striking exception of Heliconius sarae thamar which is typical of the Amazon Basin.
Nymphalinae/Charaxinae are primarily linked with the south, as are Acraeinae, with some widespread and a few Amazonian forms, as well as a good number of intermediates.
Riodininae show strong and equal influences from the north and the south, with some endemic forms; most members of this group may be widespread but undetected due to their local occurrence and time-restricted flight habits.
Theclinae/Plebejinae are practically all widespread, but may show many endemic forms when all are identified.
Pieridae show two endemic forms, with the others mostly widespread and a few linked to the south.
Papilionidae show many endemic forms in Battus (Parides) and otherwise include a scattering of material from all sides, but with primary links southward (note especially Graphium lysithous, Papilio scamander,
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Battus (Parides) nephalion, and B. (P.) proneus, al] typical of medium to high elevations in the Serra do Mar).
Hesperiidae show a few endemic forms, but practically all are widespread; indeed, most members of this family appear to enjoy wide ranges in tropical America.
Acknowledgements
This work was made possible through the cooperation of a number of persons, including not only the collectors and curators mentioned above (N. Tangerini, P. Gagarin, R. F. d'Almeida, H. S. Lopez, and L. P. Travassos Filho) but also Alfredo Rego Barros, of the Museu Nacional, Rio, curator of Lepidoptera; Dr. Inael Maximo da Silva, Director of the EFLEX in Paraopeba, whose hospitality and assistance greatly facilitated the collecting of material in that area; Dr. Paulo Filpo, director, and Dr. Joao Gino Mandia, administrator of the Parque Zoologico in Brasilia, who provided accommodations on two occasions; Dr. Ezechias Heringer of the Botany Department of the Universidade Nacional de Brasilia, for entry into areas 7 and 8 as well as transportation in the Brasilia area; and many others who assisted in other ways. To all of these we extend our heartfelt thanks. O.M. also thanks the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas, Brazil, for financial assistance (as a fellowship) permitting the study of Brazilian Lepidoptera.
List of Species Nymphalidae morphinae
1. Morpho anaxibia anaxibia (Esp., 1798).*
SobrdW l#s 22-11-66, 3#s 24-11-66; Fercal l#s 25-11-66; Maranhao 2^s 12-VI-66. Occurrence of fresh males in June was unexpected, but this species occasionally appears in October and November in Rio de [aniero.
2. Morpho menelaus mineiro Fruhst., 1913.*
Vead 3^; K485 1$ 26-11-66 (KB); Go I S ; Km 515 Belo Horizonte-Brasilia (Municipio Paracatii) 19 20-11-66 (OM). Quite rare; the subspecies of southern Minas Gerais. Form lacking white at apex of fw: SobrdW 1$ (OM)+3^s 24-11-66; JZool 1$ 2-II-62; Anap 1$ 19-IV-37. May be a separable species (see below), but adequate series not available. Geographical distribution overlapped by typical rnineiro.
3. Morpho achillaena paulista Fruhst, 1912.*
SobrdW c 22, 24-11-66; Contagem c 23-11-66; Fercal c 23-11-66, l$s 25-11-66; Maranhao 1 $ 18-VIII-65, 1 $ 23-11-66; JZool 1 $ L-II-62, 1 $ 21-11-66; PGama 1 £ 9-VI-66; Vead 2 $ ; Tag 2 S ; Anap 1 S 20-X-36, 1 $ 5-VI-37, 1 $ 14-VI-37, IS 13-X-37, 1$ 19-X-37; K485 c 22-VIII-65, c 26-11-66; K222 c 20-11-66; PPW c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66. Common, variable in proportions of bright and deep blue; genitalia indistinguishable from those of achillaena.
We do not foresee the occurrence of other Morpho in the planalto, but the list may expand if the recent subdivisions of achillaena and menelaus
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(LeMOULT & REAL, 1962) stand after breeding experiments presently in progress.
Satyrinae
Where possible, generic names follow Forster (1964). Determinations are by Roberto Spitz (for material in DZ) and the authors, and where uncertain are marked with (?). The first twelve species are characteristic of very deep woods, generally alighting on the ground but sometimes on horizontal leaves, coming readily to bait:
4. Antirrhea archea (Hbn., 1822).* SobrdW 1$ 22-11-66 (OM).
5. Taygetis mermeria tenebrosus (Blanch., 1847). PPWU 6-VI-66 (KB), 1$ 7-VI-66 (KB).
6. Taygetis armillata Burl, 1868.
Tag 1 S ■ PPEflex 1 $ 19-11-66 (KB ).
7. Taygetis lama FelcL, 1867.
SobrdW Is 24-11-66, Is 10-VI-66; PPW 2$ + 4s 19-11-66, c 27-11-66.
8. Taygetis virgilia ( Cr., 1779).
PGama 1 $ 9-VI-66; PPW 1 S + 2s 17-11-66.
9. Taygetis erubescens Bull., 1868.
Vian 1 S XI-31; K485 c 22-VIII-65, 1 9 26-11-66.
10. Taygetis celia (Cr., 1782).
SobrdW 1 $ 13-VIII-65, 1 & 22-11-66, 1 S 24-11-66; Contagem 1 $ 23-11-66; Fercal 1 S 25-11-66; Anap 1 6 XI-36; Goiania 1 $ 29-1-62; Camp 1 6 24-XII-35, 1 $ 1-38; K485 Is 26-11-66. The most common and widespread of the Taygetis of the planalto.
11. Taygetis keneza Butl., 1869.
Maranhao 1$ 12-VI-66 (KB). Distinct from celia; much smaller, more scalloped wings, underside pattern noticably different.
12. Taygetis thamyra (Cr., 1779) [= andromeda (Cr., 1779), see Ebert (1965)]. PGama i$ 9-VI-66; K222 1$ 8-VIII-65, 2$ 20-11-66.
13. Taygetis echo (Cr., 1779). PGama Is 9-VI-66.
14. Taygetis kerea Butl., 1869.
JZool 1$ 30-1-62; Goiania 1$ 1-III-63; Camp 1$ 1-38; PPEflex Is 27-11-66; PPW 2$ 19 27-11-66.
15. Posttaygetis penelea (Cr., 1779).
Maranhao Is 15-VIII-65, U 17-VI1I-65, IS 12-V1-66; K485 Is 26-11-66; PPW c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66.
16. Amphidecta calliomma (Feld., 1862).
PPW Is 6, 7-VI-66. Difficult to capture owing to impenetrable thorny undergrowth. Deep woods; alights on thin, vertical branches, head-up.
17. "Cercyonis" luederwaldti Spitz, 1931.
SobrdW c 11, 12, 13-VIII-65, 1? 22-11-66, c 24-11-66, c 10-V1-66; PGama IS 9-VI-66; Vead 16; Vian 6^ 2$ 111-30, 2$ XII-31; Ponte Funda, Goias (near Vian) 2$ 1$ 1-III-63. Open grasslands, cerrado, local but common.
18. Euptychia westwoodi Butl., 1866. Maranhao 3 S 12-VI-66 ( KB ). Open woods.
19. Pareuptychia ocirrhoe ocirrhoe (F., 1777)* (= hesione).
SobrdR c 22-11-66; SobrdW c 11, 12, 13-V1II-65, a 22-11-66, c 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem c 17, 18-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Cereal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 17-VIII-65, 3s 12-V1-66; JZool 1 <? 1 9 21-H-66; BrasCC
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c ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vead 1 S ; Anap 1 S 26-111-36; Camp 1 S 111-30; Vian 3^59 111-30; K222 2s 20-11-66. Generally common in open woods.
20. Pareuptychia summandosa (Gosse, 1880).
SobrdW 1$ 10-VI-66; JZool 2S 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama 1$ 9-VI-66; Goiania 12 29-1-62; Camp 1$ 1-38; Ponte Funda, Goias (near Vian) 1 9 1-III-63. Open woods, not common.
21. Pareuptychia sp.
BrasCC c ll-VI-66. Open woods, evidently very local; distinguished by completely tan underside, without white.
22. Hermeuptychia hermes hermes (F., 1775).
SobrdW 1$ ll-VIII-65, c 22, 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem c 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 12-VI-66; JZool a 21-11-66, a 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vian 5^ 111-30; K485 c 26-11-66; K222 c 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66. Common in many habitats.
23. Hermeuptychia calixta (But!., 1877). Vian 1$ 111-30, 1? XII-31.
24. Pharneuptychia pharella (Butl., 1866).*
Contagem 1 S 18-VIII-65; Vian 3$ 1 9 111-30; K485 19 26-11-66; PPEflex 1 9 7-VI-66. Local, grassy areas.
25. Caeruleuptychia hrixia hrixiola (Butl., 1866). Camp c 111-30. A large collection in DZ.
26. Euptychoides affinis (Butl., 1866) (?). Camp 1 S 111-30.
27. Yphthimoides yphthima pacta (Weym., 1911).
Camp 1 S 111-30; Leop 2 S X-37, 6£ XII-37; Arag 1 S XII-31.
28. Yphthimoides electra (Butl., 1866). Camp 12 12-XII-35 (OC).
29. Yphthvmoides celmis (Godt., 1823).*
SobrdW 1$ 12-VIII-65, 1 $ 13-VIII-65. Cerrado.
30. Yphthimoides disaffecta (Butl. & Druce, 1874) (?). Arag 1 9 XI-30.
31. Yphthimoides(P) sylvina (Feld., 1867). K222 19 20-11-66 (OM). Woods.
32. Yphthimoides erigone probata (Weym., 1911) (?). Vian 1 tf 111-30.
33. Yphthimoides(?) numeria (Feld., 1867).
SobrdW 1$ ll-VIII-65; JZool c 8-VI-66; BrasCC 1 ^ ll-VI-66. Open grassland, marshes.
34. Yphthimoides(P) innocentia (Feld., 1867).
SobrdW 1$ 22-11-66, IS 10-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; Leop 1$ XI-37; Vian 2 S 111-30. Open grassland, cerrado.
35. Yphthimoides mythra (Weym., 1911).
SobrdR 3$ ll-VIII-65, 2$ 12-VIII-65; Camp 4S 111-30. Open grassland.
36. Yphthimoides(P) ahretia (Capr., 1874).*
Ponte Funda, Goias (near Vian) 19 1-III-63 (NT).
37. Yphthimoides nebulosa (Butl., 1866) (?). Vian 1 $ 111-30.
38. Yphthimoides(P) ochracea (Butl., 1867).
SobrdW IS ll-VIII-65, 1^ 12-VIII-65, 19 13-VIII-65; Maranhao 1^ 14-VIII-65. Open grassland, cerrado.
39. Paryphthimoides eous (Butl., 1866).
SobrdW c 22, 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem c 23-11-66; Fercal c 25-11-66; JZool c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; Goiania 1^ 30-1-62; Camp 4# 111-30; K222 c 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW a 19-11-66, c 27-11-66, c 6, 7-II-66. Second growth, open woods, cerrado.
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40. Panjphthimoides phronius (Godt, 1823).
Maranhao 2 <3 18-VIII-65 (KB). Open grassland, marshes.
41. Haywardina quantius (Godt., 1803). * Parac 1 6 10-VIII-20. Second growth, woods.
42. Haywardina stelligera (Butl., 1874).*
Parac 19 20-XIT-18, 1 6 4-III-21. Second growth, woods.
43. Magneuptychia libye (L., 1767) (?).
Leop 16 111-30; PPW c 27-11-66, 16 7-VI-66. Deep woods. Possibly not this species, but close to it; individuals large, faintly bluish above.
44. Megisto(?) ocelloides (Schaus, 1902).
JZool c 8-VI-66; BrasCC 2 6 ll-VI-66; Camp 3 6 111-30, 16 1-38. Marshes.
45. Argyreuptychia(P) terrestris (Butl., 1866).
SobrdW 16 22-11-66; Vian 7 6 111-30, 16 XII-31; K222 16 20-11-66; PPW 1 6 27-11-66, 1 6 7-VI-66. Woods.
46. Fraefaunala armilla (Butl., 1866).
SobrdR 2 6 22-11-66; SobrdW c 22, 24-11-66; Vead 16; Anap 2 6 XII-35; Camp 2 6 111-30, 2 6 10-XII-35; Vian 1$ 111-30, 5# XII-31; Fazenda Saia Velha, south border of D.F., 1 6 1-III-63. Open grassland, cerrado.
47. Praefaunala strigillata (Weym., 1911).
SobrdR c 11, 12, 13-VIII-65; SobrdW c 11, 12, J3-VIII-65, c 10-VI-66; Maranhao 16 15-VIII-65, 16 12-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PPEflex 2 6 6-VI-66. Replaces armilla in winter in the same localities, almost certainly a winter form of the latter; different in markings.
48. "Euptychia" muscosa Butl., 1870.*
SobrdW 16 12-VIII-65, c 22-11-66, c 10-VI-66; JZool 16 l-TI-62; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; Parac 16 27-111-20. Woods. New genus not yet specified.
With continued progress in determination (we have at least a dozen additional species without names) and collection, the list of Satyrids should arrive at nearly 70, with most of the additions in the "Euptychia" group and a considerable number from new Taygetis.
Brassolinae
Our arrangement follows the catalogue by Stichel (1932).
All species are dusk-flyers, attracted to bait in the early morning, and occasionally flushed in deep woods during the day.
49. Brassolis sophorae laurentii Stich., 1925.*
Vead 1 6 ; Anap 2^19 X-36, 1 9 XI-36, 2 6 XII-36, 1 9 IV-37; Goiania 1 $ 1962. Seasonally and destructively abundant, feeding on palms.
50. Narope cyllastros Dbldy. & Hew., 1849.* "Rio Maranhao" 1 $ ( MN ).
51. Narope cyllabarus Westw., 1851. "Rio Maranhao" 1 6 (MN).
52. Dynastor darius darius (F., 1775).* Anap 1 9 1-36; Uberl 1 6 .
53. Dasyophthalma creusa Stich., 1904.* Anap 1 6 2-1-39.
54. Opsiphanes cassiae lucullus Fruhst., 1907.* Camp 1 6 25-XII-36; PPEflex 1 6 26-11-66.
55. Opsiphanes quiteria meridionalis Stgr., 1887.* Vead 1 6.
56. Opsiphanes invirae remoliatus Fruhst., 1907.* SobrdW 1 6 24-11-66; Vead 1 6 ; Anap 1 6 X-36.
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57. Catoblepia amphirrhoe (Hbn., 1825).* Tag 1 $.
58. Catoblepia berecynthia berecynthia (Cr., 1777). JZool 2 $ 21-11-66; Vead 1 $ .
59. Eryphanis polyxena (Meerb., 1775). Anap 1 2.
60. Caligo illioneus illioneus (Cr., 1776).
SobrdR Is 11-V1II-65, 2s 12-VIII-65; JZool 1$ 21-11-66; BrasCC 2s ll-VI-66; Anap 1 $ X-36; PPEflex 1 $ 27-11-66.
This list of twelve may reach fifteen through the addition of rarer species (such as Caligo eurilochus, possibly seen in BrasCC ll-VI-66, Opsiphanes batea, or Dynastor napoleon).
Danainae
61. Danaus (Danaus) erippus (Cr., 1775).
SobrdW 19 13-VIII-65; Maranhao 1$ 18-VIII-65; K485 14 22-VIII-65; PPEflex c 19-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW c 27-11-66, e 6. 7-VI-66. Marshes, open country; primarily in areas where Asclepius curassavica thrives.
62. Danaus (Anosia) plexaure (Godt, 1819).
Tag 1 $ . Distinguishable only on close examination from the following common species: D. plexaure is rare and local, but probably widespread.
63. Danaus (Anosia) gilippus gilippus (Cr., 1775).
SobrdW c 11, 12, 13-VIII-65, c 24-11-66, 2s 10-VI-66; Fercal 1$ 23-11-66, 2 s 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-V1II-65, 1 2 12-VI-66; JZool Is 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; Vead 1$; Tag 1$; Goiania 1? 30-1-62; K485 1$ 26-11-66; K222 12 8-VIII-65; PPEflex 12 19-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW c 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66. Common, open areas.
64. Lycorea ceres ceres (Cr., 1776).
SobrdW 2s 22-11-66, c 24-11-66; Fercal 2s 23-11-66, 2s 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15-VIII-65; JZool 1$ 1-II-62, 3^ 21-11-66; Vead 2$; PPEflex 2$ 12 19-11-66, 1 $ 27-11-66; PPW c 27-11-66. Inhabits forest, and is very difficult to distinguish in flight from Tithorea harmonia pseudethra and Heliconius ethillus narceus.
It is possible that one more species, such as Ituna ilione, which enters the blend zone, may be added to the Danaid list.
Ithomiinae
All identifications are by Romualdo Ferreira d'Almeida. All Ithomines are typically inhabitants of deep, dark forest, most common in moist areas, and fly irrespective of weather conditions.
65. Heterossais edessa (Hew., 1854).
Leop 1$ 111-38. This and the following six species (except H. salonina) are transparent-blue and fly low in the shade and are difficult to follow or distinguish in flight.
66. Hypoleria emyra Haensch, 1905.
Fercal 1$ 25-11-66; JZool 1$ 2-II-62, c 21-11-66, 2$ S-VI-66; PGama Is 9-VI-66; Leop 5 2 HI-38; K222 1$ 20-11-66.
67. Hypoleria goiana d'Alm., 1951.
Vead 3#; Leop 12 HI-38; PPEflex 3£ 3 2 19-11-66, 2 2 27-11-66; PPW 1 $ 7-VI-66. Very heavily marked.
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68. Hypoleria proxima consimilis Talbot, 1928.
SobrdW c 22-11-66; Maranhao 1S 15-VIII-65; JZcol 1 S 19 21-11-66, c 22-11-66; BrasCC 1$ ll-VI-66; Vead 1$; Anap 1$ 19 XI-36, 1$ 2 9 XII-36, 19 3-II-37; Goiania 19 5-11-63, IS 7-II-63; Leop 13 <$ 4 9 111-38; Vian 1 9 111-30.
69. Hypoleria salonina (Hew., 1855).
Contagem 1$ 23-11-66; Maranhao 19 18-VIII-65; Anap IS XII-35; Leop 7$ 2 9 111-38; K222 1$ 8-VIII-65, Is 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19-11-66, 4s 27-11-66, c 6-VI-66; PPW 1S + 3s 6-VI-66, 1 $ 19 7-VI-66. This species differs from our other Hypoleria by its transparent-yellow wings.
70. Pseudoscada erruca (Hew., 1855).* PPW 2S 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66.
71. Pseudoscada quadrifasciata Talbot, 1928.
JZool 1$ 21-11-66, 19 22-11-66, IS 8-V1-66; Vead 3$; Anap 19 XI-36, 2$ XII-36, 19 3-II-37; Goiania 19 29-1-62; Leop 4 S 111-38; Vian 19 111-30.
72. Thyridia themisto Won., 1818.
SobrdW c 22, 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; TZool 2S 19 27-1-62, 2S 1-11-62, 1$ 20-11-63, c 21-11-66, 2$ 8-V1-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama Is 9-VI-66; Vead IS 19; Anap 1$ XII-35; PPW IS 6-VI-66, IS 7-VI-66. Wings transparent.
73. Episcada sylvo (Geyer., 1832).*
JZool c 27-1-62, c 1-11-62, 19 2-II-62, IS 20-11-63, c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; Anap 1 9 XII-35; Leop 2 $ 111-38. Local, wings transparent-yellow.
74. Dircenna dew (Hbn., 1823).*
SobrdR IS ll-VIII-65; SobrdW 2S 22-11-66, 1 S 10-VI-66; Maranhao 2 9 15-VIII-65; JZool 2$ 27-1-62, 19 1-II-62; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama 3s 9-VI-66; Tag IS; Goiania IS 30-1-62; Parac 19 10-V-19; K222 2s 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW 1 S 19-11-66, c 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66. Wings transparent.
75. Dircenna rhoeo Feld., I860.*
SobrdR c 22-11-66; SobrdW 1 S 22-11-66, c 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem 19 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao 2$ 15-VIII-65, Is 23-11-66; JZool 13 1$ 27-1-62, 2S 19 l-H-62, c 21-11-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama 2s 9-VI-66; Goiania 2 S 1 9 6-I1I-61, IS 27-1-62, AS 4 9 30-1-62; Vian 6 ^ 5 9 111-30, 19 XI-31; PPEflex c 19-11-66, 19 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW 19 19-11-66, 19 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66. Relationship \o previous species not certain, but probably separate.
76. Aeria olena (Weym., 1875).*
SobrdW IS 10-VI-66; Cav IS; Tag 19; Vian 2S 19 111-30; PPW a 19, 27-11-66, a 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66. Local; easily distinguished from following species in flight by darker yellow appearance.
77. Aeria elara (Hew., 1855).
SobrdW c 22-11-66, 2 S + 5s 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem c 17, 18-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Fercal 1 S 23-11-66, 1 S 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, 1$ 23-11-66, c 12-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Anap 2$ XI-36, 2S XII-36; Goiania 19 30-1-62; Camp 1^ 1-34; Leop 2.$ 1 9 IH-38; Vian 10 S 111-30. Common in forest near Brasilia, where A. olena is rare.
78. Olerki aquata (Weym., 1895).
Maranhao 19 14-VIII-65 (KB); Anap IS XI-36. Low-flying; wings transparent-blue.
79. Placidula euryanassa (Feld., I860).*
PPW 1 S 6-VI-60. Probably a straggler to the planalto.
80. Ithomia drymo Hbn., 1816.
Vian 1 9 111-30. Wings transparent-blue.
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81. Ithomia agnosia agnosia Hew., 1854.
SobrdR 19 22-11-66; SobrdW c 22, 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem c 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; JZool 1$ 3 9 27-1-62, 4 8 1-II-62, 1? 20-11-63, c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; BrasCC 2s ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vead 1$; Leop 3^ 3? 111-38; Vian 1$ 111-30; PPVV 1$ 27-11-66, 1$ 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66. Often common; wings transparent-blue; PPW specimens have less white on fw band, similar to subsp. zikani d'Alm., 1940.
82. Hypothyris daeta (Bvd., 1836).*
SobrdR 2s 22-11-66; SobrdW c 22, 24-11-66; Contagem c 17-VIII-65, 1$ 23-11-66; Maranhao a 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, c 12-V1-66; JZool IS 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; Anap IS 1-11-37; PPEflex Is 19-11-66; PPW 2 8 19-11-66, 2 6 27-11-66, c 6-VI-66, 2 6 7-V1-66. Flies 1-2 m above the ground.
83. Hypothyris laphria (Dbldy., 1847).
Maranhao IS 14-VIII-65, IS 1? 15-VIII-65 (KB). Occurs together with H. claeta but at lower numerical density. H. laphria evidently is commoner to the east.
84. Sais rosalia rosalinde Weym., 1890.
Goiania 1 8 7-III-63; Leop 2$ 111-30, 3^19 1-38. Very local.
85. Mechanitis lysimnia (F., 1793).
SobrdR c 22-11-66; SobrdW IS 12-VIII-65, c 22, 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem c 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, c 23-11-66, c 12-VI-66; JZool 2$ 27-1-62, c 21-11-66, a 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-V1-66; Tag 1$; Goiania IS 29 6-II-61, 1$ 30-1-62, 2$ 1$ 7-III-63; Vian 1^19 111-30; K485 c 26-11-66; K222 c 8-VIII-65, c 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19, 27-11-66, c 6-VI-66; PPW c 19, 27-11-66, a 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66. Widespread, but not usually as common as the following species.
86. Mechanitis polymnia casabranca Haensch, 1905.*
SobrdR 1 9 12-VIII-65, c 22-11-66; SobrdW c 22-11-66, a 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem a 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14-VIII-65, c 23-11-66, c 12-V1-66; JZool c 27-1-62, 1$ 1-II-62, 1$ 10111-63, a 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vead 3^; Tag IS; Anap IS XI-36, 2 8 XII-36, 3 8 1-37; Goiania IS 6-III-61, 2 8 27-1-62, 19 30-1-62, IS 19 7-III-63; Vian 2 8 4 9 111-30, 2 8 XI-31; K485 c 26-11-66; K222 a 8-VIII-65, a 20-11-66; PPEflex a 19, 27-11-66, a 6, 7-VI-66; PPW a 19, 27-11-66, a 6, 7-VI-66. The most widespread and common butterfly of the forests of the planalto. Flies from 0-15 m above the ground.
87. Xanthocleis psidii pytho (Feld., 1860).
SobrdW 18 22-11-66 (OM); Vead IS; Goiania IS 30-1-62. Local and rare, flies high and strongly.
88. Tithorea harmonia pseudethra Butler, 1873.*
SobrdR 1? 13-VIII-65; SobrdW 18 22-11-66, c 24-11-66; Contagem IS 17-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, 1$ 23-11-66, Is 12-VI-66; JZool Is 8-VI-66; PGama 9-V1-66; Vead 29; Tag 19; Anap 18 X-36, IS 111-37; Goiania IS 7-III-63; Vian 1^ 111-30; K485 c 22-VIII-65, 2s 26-11-66; K222 c 8-VIII-65, 2s 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW c 19, 27-11-66, a 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66; Go 1 8 . Widespread, fairly common; does not reach the southeastern coast of Brazil. Flies fairly high.
One or two Ithomiines may be added to this list, such as Callithomia xantho methonella and Hypoleria plistenes.
Acraeinae
89. Actinote surima Schaus, 1902.*
Leop 2 8 3 9 111-38. Restricted seasonally, probably more widespread.
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90. Actinote pyrrha (F., 1775).*
Vead 2$ 1$; Goiania 1$ 30-1-62, 1$ 6-III-63; PPW Is 7-V1-66. Occasionally abundant; variable.
91. Actinote pellenea Hbn., 1821.*
SobrdW c ll-VIII-65; Maranhao c 14, 15-VIII-65; JZool IS 1-II-62; Goiania 1 $ 30-1-62. Erratically seasonal. Identified by small size.
This list of Actinote should grow to 5-6 species by diligent year-round collecting.
Heliconiinae
Order and nomenclature in the following list are according to Emsley (1964, 1965).
92. Heliconius (Heliconius) sarae thamar (Hbn., 1806).
SobrdR c 11, 12, 13-VIII-65, e 22-11-66; SobrdW 2$ 12-VIII-65, 2$ 22-11-66, c 24-11-66, 1 S 10-VI-66; Contagem 1 $ 23-11-66; Fercal 2s 25-11-66; Maranhao 1 S 14-VIII-65, 2 S 18-VIII-65; Vead 1 S 1 9. ; Go 1 9 1926. Identical with specimens from Ecuador or Venezuela; the species may reach its southern limit near Brasilia, barely leaving the Amazon River drainage at Sobradinho. Definitely absent from seemingly ideal habitats in JZool, BrasCC, and PGama, 20 km to the south of Brasilia.
93. Heliconius (Heliconius) erato phyllis (F., 1775).*
SobrdR 2s 22-11-66; SobrdW 19 12-VIII-65, 1$ 22-11-66, IS 24-11-66; Contagem 1 S 17-VII1-65, 1 $ 18-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, 1$ 23-11-66, c 12-VI-66; JZool AS 21-11-66, 13 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vead 1$ 1$; Cav IS; Tag 1 $; Anap 1 S 22-111-36, 2 # 1 $ XII-36, 1 9 11-37; Camp 1 $ 1-34, 1 S 1-38; Vian 1 S 111-30; Arag 1 S 11-30; K485 c 22-VIII-65, c 26-11-66; K222 c 8-VII1-65, c 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW c 19, 27-11-66, a 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66. One of the commonest butterflies of the planalto, generally widespread in forests.
94. Heliconius (Heliconius) melpomene nannus Stich., 1899.*
SobrdW Is 22-11-66; Contagem 1$ 18-VIII-65; Maranhao IS 14-VIII-65, 19 15-VIII-65, 1$ 23-11-66; JZool 1 S 1 9 21-11-66; Tag 1 S- Rare, very local.
95. Heliconius (Heliconius) besckei Men., 1857.*
SobrdR 1$ ll-VIII-65; SobrdW IS 12-VIII-65, 1$ 22-11-66, 2 <J 24-11-66; JZool 2$ 19 20-11-63, 2$ 21-11-66; PGama 2$ 9-VI-66; Tag IS- This species is sympatric with H. m. nannus and is now known to be a distinct species through breeding experiments by Brown & Emsley.
96. Heliconius (Heliconius) ethillus narceus Godt., 1819.*
SobrdR c 22-11-66; SobrdW 1 S 13-VIII-65, c 22-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem 5s 17-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Maranhao 3s 12-VI-66; JZool 2^19 1-II-62, 1$ 19 20-111-63, c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; BrasCC 2s ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vead 2$; Goiania 29 5-III-63; K222 IS 8-VIII-65, 2 s 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19, 27-11-66, c 6-VI-66, 2s 7-VI-66; PPW c 19, 27-U-66, c 6-VI-66, 13 7-VI-66. Widespread, fairly common. Form polychrous Feld., 1865.*: SobrdW 19 10-VI-66; Contagem IS 23-11-66; JZool 19 1-II-62, c 21-11-66; Vead 2$; Goiania 2$ 30-1-62; Camp IS 1-38; Vian 2$ 111-30; PPW IS 6-VI-66. Predominant in certain areas. Form satis Weym., 1875.*: JZool Is 21-11-66; PPW 19 19-11-66 (OM). This dark form represents a small minority in ethillus populations.
97. Heliconius (Eueides) isabellae dianasus (Hbn., 1806).*
SobrdR IS 12-VIII-65, 19 13-VI1I-65; SobrdW 2$ 13-VIII-65; JZool Is 21-11-66, 1^19 8-VI-66; BrasCC Is ll-VI-66; PPEflex IS 6-VI-66.
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98. Heliconius (Eueides) alipherus (Godt., 1819).
SobrdR Is 22-11-66; SobrdW 2s 22-11-66, c 24-11-66, Is 10-VI-66; Fercal c 17-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Maranhao 1$ 14-VIII-65, 1$ 15-VIII-65, Is 23-11-66; JZool 2$ 1-II-62, c 21-11-66; BrasCC Is ll-VI-66; PGama IS 9-VI-66; Camp 1 S 1-34.
99. Colaenis iulia iulia (F., 1775).
SobrdW Is 24-11-66, IS 10-VI-66; Contagem 2s 23-11-66; Fercal 2$ 23-11-66, c 25-11-66; Maranhao Is 12-VI-66; JZool 1$ 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama 3s 9-VI-66; Vead 1$ 19; Cav IS; PPEflex 5s 19-11-66, 2s 27-11-66, 2s 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW c 19-11-66, 5s 27-1 [-66, c 6, 7-VI-66.
100. Dione juno juno (Cr., 1779).
JZool 1$ 27-1-62, IS 2-II-62, IS 21-11-66; PGama 3^ 19 9-VI-66. Local; a very dark form.
101. Agraulis vanillae maculosa (Stich., 1907).
SobrdR 1S 12-VIII-65; JZool 1S 27-1-62, 3s 21-11-66; Vead IS; Cav 19; Anap 1 S VII-36; PPEflex 1 9 19-11-66; PPW 3s 19-11-66, 2s 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66.
102. Dryadula phaetusa (L., 1758).
SobrdW IS 13-VIII-65; Maranhao IS 17-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; PPEflex c 6, 7-VI-66; PPW Is 19-11-66, IS 27-11-66, 2s 7-VI-66.
The number of Heliconians might be increased to 13 through the addition of Eueides vibilius, Dione moneta and/or Philaethria dido by more intensive collecting.
Nymphalinae (includes Charaxinae, Apaturinae, Liminitinae)
103. Phyciodes thymetus thymetus (F., 1787).*
SobrdR c 13-VIII-65; SobrdW c 10-VI-66; Contagem c 23-11-66; Fercal c 17-VIII-65, c 23-11-66, IS 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, c 12-VI-66; JZool 1$ 1-11-62, IS 8-III-63, c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; Vead 3 S ; Goiania 3$ VIII-43 (OC), 3 3 4 9 29-1-62, 19 30-1-62; Camp IS 19 (OC), IS 111-30, 3$ 29 1-34; Leop 19 XII-33; Vian 1$ 111-30; PPEflex 1 S 19-11-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW c 7-VI-66. Found usually near water, widespread and often common.
104. Phyciodes sejona Schaus, 1902.*
Fercal c 17, 18-VIII-65; Maranhao IS 14-VIII-65; Anap 2S VIII-36, 2S XI-36; Camp 19 (OC), 7$ 29 1-34. Streamside, local.
105. Phyciodes pedrona pedrona Moulton, 1909.
SobrdR c 11, 12-VIII-65; SobrdW c 11, 12-VIII-65, }$ 19 24-11-66, Is 10-VI-66; JZool 1$ 21-11-66; BrasCC a ll-VI-66; PGama Is 9-VI-66; Vead 1 S ; Camp 2^19; Leop 4 S XII-33; Vian 4 S 111-30. Flies low in open grassy areas.
106. Phyciodes angusta (Hew., 1868). Vead 4 <$ ; Camp 1 3 (OC),2S 1-34.
107. Phyciodes dicoma (Hew., 1864).*
SobrdW 1^19 22-11-66, IS 1 9 + 3s 24-11-66; Fercal 1 S s 25-11-66; Vead 3S; Camp 2 S 1-34.
108. Phyciodes eunice esora (Hew., 1857).*
SobrdW 2S + Is 24-11-66, 2s 10-VI-66; Fercal Is 17-VIII-65; Maranhao Is 15-VIII-65; JZool 19 21-11-66; PGama Is 9-VI-66; Vead 2$; Camp 2$ 19 1-34; Leop 2 S 19 XII-33. Tends towards the Amazonian subspecies, e. eunice.
109. Phyciodes lansdorfi ( Godt., 1821).
SobrdW 1 S 22-11-66; JZool 1 9 8-VI-66; Camp 1 S 1-34.
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110. Phyciodes ithra (Kirby, 1871).
SobrdW 1$ ll-VIII-65, 19 13-VIII-65, c 22, 24-11-66, 3s 10-VI-66; Fercal 2 3 17-VIII-65, 2s 23-11-66, Is 25-11-66; Maranhao 2 3 14-VIII-65, Is 12-VI-66; JZool 2s 8-VIII-66; Vead 23; Tag 23; Anap 13 XI-36; Goiania 1 3 VIII-43 (OC); Camp 13 111-30, 93 19 1-34; Leop 23 19 XII-33; PPEflex c 19-11-66, 1 3 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW c 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66. Widespread and common, many habitats.
111. Phyciodes hernias (Hew., 1864). *
JZool 1 9 21-11-66 (KB). This has been regarded as a southern subspecies of the Antillean frisia by some authors.
112. Chlosyne lacinia saundersi Dbldy., 1847.
Fercal c 15, 17-VIII-65; PPEflex 1 3 + Is 7-VI-66; PPW Is 7-VI-66. Very local.
113. Vanessa virginiensis brasiliemis (Moore, 1883). JZool 1 3 + Is 8-VI-66 (KB); Vead 1 3 .
114. Vanessa myrinna (Dbldy., 1849).
SobrdW 1 3 13-VIII-65; JZool c 8-VI-66; Vead 2 3 , Goiania 1 3 6-III-63.
115. Junonia evarete evarete (Cr., 1779).
SobrdW c 11, 13-VIII-65, c 22, 24-11-66, 3s 10-VI-66,, Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 12-VI-66; JZool c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; Tag
1 3 ; Anap 1 3 XII-35, 1 3 XII-36, 1 $ 21-XII-36, 13 1$ H-37, 1 8 19-11-37 (OC); Leop 28 XII-33; Arag 19 11-30; K485 c 26-11-66; PPEflex 2s 19-11-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW c 19, 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66. Open roads, grassy areas.
116. Anartia jatrophae jatrophae (Joh., 1763).
Maranhao 1 8 14-VIII-65; JZool 1 8 + 3s 21-11-66, 1 9 8-VI-66; RClaro 1 8 13-VIII-63; K485 1 8 22-VIII-65, c 26-11-66; PPEflex c 19-11-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW 1 8 19-11-66, 3s 27-11-66, Is 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66. Open cultivated areas.
117. Anartia amathea roeselia (Eschsch., 1821 ).*
SobrdR c 11, 13-VIII-65; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, 1 8 12-VI-66; JZool 2s 21-11-66; Vead 1 8 ; Tag 1 8 ; Anap 13 1$ XII-36,
2 8 19-11-37 (OC); Goiania 28 30-1-62, 18 7-III-63; Camp 18 1934 (OC), 18 1-34; Parac 18 26-IV-21; PPEflex c 19-11-66, 3s 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW 18 19-11-66, 3s 27-11-66, 2s 6-VI-66, c 7-VI-66. Streamsides and marshes, often very common locally. This form is somewhat like the Amazonian a. amathea, with the white band on the fw more broken than in typical roeselia.
118. Metamorpha stelenes stelenes (L., 1758).
SobrdW 13s 24-11-66, 13 10-VI-66; Fercal 13 + Is 23-11-66; PGama Is 9-VI-66; Vead 13 ; K485 2s 26-11-66; K222 Is 8-VIII-65; PPW Is 19-11-66, Is 27-11-66, 2s 6-VI-66, Is 7-VI-66. Widespread but net common.
119. Metamorpha trayja (Hbn., 1823).*
SobrdW Is 12-VIII-65, 1$ 22-11-66; Fercal 23 + Is 23-11-66; JZool 13 21-11-66; BrasCC Is ll-VI-66; PCama Is 9-VI-66; Vead 13; Leop 13 XII-33.
120. Hypanartia lethe (F., 1793).
Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; JZool c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; BrasCC Is ll-VI-66; PGama 2 3 9-VI-66; Camp 1 3 1-34. In tangled streamside vegetation.
121. Limenitis (Adelpha) mincia Hall, 1938.* Anap 13 23-VII-37 (OC).
122. Limenitis (Adelpha) abia (Hew., 1850).*
PGama 13 9-VI-66 (KB). Deep woods near stream.
123. Limenitis (Adelpha) cocala riola Fruhst., 1915.*
SobrdW 1 3 22-11-66; Vead 1 3 ; Camp 1 3 1-34; Leop 3 3 XII-33; Vian 1 3 2 $ 111-30, 1 3 XI-31.
124. Limenitis (Adelpha) pleasure heredia Fruhst., 1915.*
SobrdW 13 ll-VIII-65, 13 22-11-66, 2 3 24-11-66; Maranhao 13 15-VIII-65, Is 12-VI-66; PPEflex 2s 7-VI-66; PPW 3 3 19-11-66, 13 1$ 27-11-66, c 6, 7-VI-66. Forest streams, local.
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125. Limenitis (Adelpha) melona meridionalis Fruhst., 1915. Camp 1 S 1-1-36. In collection of R. F. d'Almeida.
126. Limenitis (Adelpha) aethalia metana Fruhst., 1915.*
Contagem 1$ 23-11-66; JZool c 21-11-66, IS 8-VI-66; BrasCC Is ll-VI-66; Vead 1 S; Leop 1 S XII-33. A large and brightly colored race occurring in forests generally, not restricted to streamside situations.
127. Limenitis (Adelpha) cytherea herennia Fruhst., 1915.*
SobrdR c 11, 12-VIII-65; SobrdW c 22, 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem 2s 23-11-66; Maranhao IS 15-VIII-65; JZool IS 21-11-66, 2s 8-VI-66; BrasCC c ll-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vead U 19; Goiania 4^19 VIII-43 (OC); Leop 1$ XII-33; Vian IS 111-30; K485 2S 22-VIII-65, IS 26-11-66; PPW 2s 27-11-66; Ponte Funda, Goias (near Vian) 2$ 1-III-63. Along streams.
128. Limenitis (Adelpha) iphicla iphicla (L., 1764).
SobrdW IS 22-11-66; Fercal IS 19 23-11-66, 2s 25-11-66; Maranhao 3S 14_VIIL65, IS 12-VI-66; PGama 2s 9-VI-66; Vead 2&. Anap 19 19-11-37 (OC); Camp 2$ 19 1-34, U 24-XII-35 (OC); Leop 3-S 19 111-33; Vian IS XI-31. Forest streams, or wet sand (males) near forest. Seems closer to i. iphicla than to the southern i. ephesa.
129. Limenitis (Adelpha) thoasa gerona ( Hew., 1868).*
SobrdW 2s 10-VI-66; Maranhao 1 S 14-VIII-65, 1 S 15-VIII-65, 1 S 18-VIII-65; Cav 1 S ; Anap IS 6-1-37 (OC); Goiania IS VIII-43 (OC); Leop IS XII-30, IS 19 XII-33; Vian IS 111-30; Uberl IS; K222 1$ 8-VIII-65; PPEflex 2$ 19-11-66, 2s 6-VI-66, 1$ 7-VI-66; PPW 3s 6-VI-66. Along stream-sides.
The Museu Nacional also has a specimen of typical th. thoasa from "Rio Maranhao"; it is possible that the two subspecies meet at the edge of the Amazon drainage, in the planalto.
130. Limenitis (Adelpha) serpa paraena ( Bates, 1865). PGama 1 S 9-VI-66; Leop 1 S XII-33; K485 1 S 26-11-66.
131. Marpesia petreus petreus ( Cr., 1776 ).
K485 1 S s 26-11-66. On wet sand; apparently not common.
132. Marpesia chiron (F., 1775).
SobrdR 1 S 12-VIII-65; SobrdW Is 24-11-66; Fercal 2^s 23-11-66, 1 S 25-11-66; JZool 19 21-11-66; PGama 2s 9-VI-66; RClaro 1$ 19-VIII-63; Camp 3$ 1-34; Leop 1 S XII-33, 1 S XII-37; PPEflex Is 19-11-66; PPW 2s 19-11-66, Is 27-11-66. On wet sand (males) or at flowers.
133. Dynamine tithia (Hiibner, 1823).*
JZool 19 27-1-62, 3c4 19 1-11-62, 19 20-11-63, 2S 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; PGama ISs 9-VI-66; Camp 1 <$ 1-34; Leop 14 19 XII-33; PPEflex IS 19-11-66, 1 S 27-11-66. Local, streamside situations.
134. Dynamine mijlitta mylitta (Cr., 1782).
Fercal 19 + 2 S s 23-11-66, IS 25-11-66; JZool IS 27-1-62, c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; PGama 2s 9-VI-66; Camp IS 111-30, 4S 4 9 1-34.
135. Dynamine aerata (Butl., 1887). Camp 1<$19 1-34.
136. Dynamine artemisia (F., 1793).
SobrdW 19 12-VIII-65, 2 9 13-VIII-65; Contagem 1$ 23-11-66; Maranhao IS 14-VIII-65; Cav 2S; Tag 2S; Anap 1S 16-XI-36, 2$ 19-11-37 (OC); Camp 19 IH-30, 3^ 19 1-34, IS ll-XII-35 (OC), 19 20-XII-35 (OC), IS 4-1-36; Leop 1^ 39 XII-33.
137. Dynamine agacles (Dalm., 1823).
SobrdW 19 ll-VIII-65, 2S 12-VII1-65; Fercal c 17, 18-VIII-65, c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao 1 $ 18-VIII-65, 1 S 12-VI-66; JZool 1 S 27-1-62, c 21-11-66, 1 $ 8-VI-66; Vead 1 S ; Tag 1 S ; Camp 1 9 111-30, 35 1$ 1-34, 1 S 13-XII-35 (OC), 19 21-1-36 (OC); Leop IS XII-33; Parac 1^ 22-XII-20. Streamsides and in woods in general.
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100 Brown and Mielke: Brazilian butterflies Vol. 21, no. 2
138. Dynamine limbata (Butl., 1877).
Maranhao Is 12-VI-66; Camp 2 3 1-34, 13 20-XII-35 (OC). Similar to an overgrown agacles.
139. Dynamine athemon maeon (Dbldy., 1849).*
Fercal 3 3 17-VIII-65, 1 3 18-VII1-65, c 23-11-66, 13 25-11-66; Maranhao 13 18-VIII-65; Camp 3 3 1$ 1-34, 13 15-XII-35 (OC), 13 24-XII-35 (OC); PPEflex Is 19-11-66. Along streamsides.
140. Dynamine coenus albidula Weeks, 1901.
Fercal 13 17-VIII-65, c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65; Tag 43; Anap IS VIII-43 (OC); Camp 2 S 111-30, 13 1-34, IS 13-XII-35 (OC). Along banks of larger rivers only.
141. Catonephele numilia penthia (Hew., 1852).*
SobrdW IS 12-VIII-65, 2$ 13-VIII-65, 2S 22-11-66, 13 19 24-11-66, 13 10-VI-66; JZool 19 l-H-62, c 21-11-66, 13s 8-VI-66; Vead 1$; Anap 13 12-1-37; Leop IS XII-33; PPW 13+19s 27-11-66. Female form fulva Rober, 1914: SobrdW 1 9 12-VIII-65. Female intermediate penthia-fulva: SobrdW 1 9 24-11-66. Female with fw yellow bar reduced to three discrete spots: SobrdW l$s 10-VI-66. Deep woods, attracted to sap or banana bait. Females variable; typical form an excellent mimic of Heliconius sarae. Form fulva, resembling typical females of n. numilia, mimics a variety of other Heliconius including forms of erato and doris.
142. Catonephele acontius (L.., 1771).
SobrdW 2 S 22-11-66, 1 S 2 9 24-11-66; PGama 1 S s 9-VI-66; Leop 2 S XII-33. Attracted to sap or banana less readily than numilia; very local. Females represent an unsolved problem in mimicry studies; acontius females resemble only H. charithonius, which does not occur in the majority of the range of acontius.
The following seven species follow Dillon (1948) except as noted.
143. Paulogramma peristera (Hew., 1853).
Vead 1 9; Cav 4 S • Three of the males tend toward the so-called central Brazilian subspecies, pujoli (Oberth., 1916); the female is indistinguishable from p. peristera. The cline of peristera with pujoli indicates that the latter is better regarded as a form.
144. Callicore hydaspes (Drury, 1782).*
Fercal 1$ (KB)+33s 23-11-66; Anap 1$ XI-37; Camp IS 1-34; Leop 2S XII-33. On wet sand.
145. Callicore py gas splendens (Oberth., 1916).
Fercal 2S 25-11-66; Maranhao IS 23-11-66; Cav 6$; Tag 1$; Anap IS XI-36, IS 19-11-37 (OC); Camp IS 1-34; Leop 23 XII-33. On wet sand and in nearby forests.
146. Callicore pygas thamyras (Men., 1857).*
SobrdR Is 13-VIII-65; Cav IS 1$; Tag 1?; K485 L3 22-VIII-65 (KB). Although different from C. p. splendens on both wing surfaces, this is almost certainly the winter (and cold-weather) form of splendens.
147. Callicore selima selima (Guenee, 1872).*
SobrdR 3^s ll-VIII-65, 23s 12-VIII-65, 33s 13-VIII-65, 1? 22-11-66; SobrdW 1$ 12-VIII-65, 1$ 13-VIII-65, 13s 24-11-66, 2 3 19s 10-VI-66; Contagem c 17, 18-VIII-65, 19 23-11-66; Fercal 13 23-11-66, 23+19s 25-11-66; Maranhao 23s 14-VII1-65, 13 19s 15-VIII-65, 23s 18-VIII-65; JZool 23s 8-VI-66; PGama 13 9-VI-66; Vead 43; Anap 13 XI-36, 13 17-XII-36; Goiania 2 3 19 VIII-43 (OC); Camp 13 6-XII-35 (OC), 43 12-XII-35 (OC); K485 c 22-VIII-65, 13 26-11-66; K222 c 8-VIII-65, c 20-11-66; PPEflex c 19-11-66, 2 9 27-11-66, 19s 6-VI-66, 23s 7-VI-66; PPW 13s 6-VI-66. Widespread but not always common, generally in forests, readily attracted to sap or banana bait; more easily caught in the winter dry season.
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We have specimens of typical s. selima, s. paulistanus (Fruhst., 1916), and s. goyazae (Dillon, 1948) from all parts of the planalto, the three clearly flying together and occurring in the same brood (although 5. selima may be more prominent to the southward, s. goyazae to the northwest). We thus regard paulistanus and goyazae as forms of the highly variable nominate selima.
148. Callicore sorana (Godt., 1823).*
SobrdR c 11, 12, 13-VI1I-65; SobrdW c 11, 12, 13-VIII-65, c 22-11-66, U 24-11-66, 2s lO-VI-66; Contagem c 18-VIII-65; Fercal 4s 23-11-66, c 25-11-66; Maranhao IS 23-11-66, 1 2s 12-VI-66; JZool 1? 1-II-62, 1$ 27-11-63; BrasCC 1 2 s ll-VI-66; PGama 1 $ s 9-VI-66; Vead 1 6 ; Cav 2^12; Anap IS X-36, 1$ 12-XII-36, 1$ 5-II-37, 2$ 19-11-37 (OC); Camp 1$ 111-30, 1$ 1-34, 2$ 12-XII-35 (OC), 2$ 13-XII-35 (OC); Leop 2S XII-33; Arag 2 2 11-30; Uberl 1 S; K485 1 2 22-VIII-65, 1 S 26-11-66; K222 c 8-VIII-65; PPEflex c 19-11-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW 1 2 19-11-66, 2s 27-11-66, 3s 6-VI-66; Go 1 2 1926. Common resident of the cerrado, widespread and occurring in nearly all types of habitat.
149. Catacore koly ma connect ens (Talbot, 1928).
Fercal 3$ 23-11-66, 3$ 1$ 25-11-66; Maranhao IS 23-11-66; Anap IS 16-XI-36; Camp 1$ 1-34; Vian 2S XI-31. On wet sand near forest; hard to distinguish from the following species.
The common form of Goias has the most reduced amount of red on the forewing underside of all forms of kolyma, differing also from typical con-nectens in lacking red on the forewing upperside. The tv/o forms fly together in Sao Paulo and Parana, and grade westward to pasithea in Bolivia. We conclude from dozens of specimens that it is best not to propose further subspecies of kolyma, as there is full intergradation of all extreme forms.
150. Diaethria candrena (Godt., 1821).*
SobrdR Is 12-VIII-65, 2s 13-VIII-65; Fercal c 17, 18-V1II-65, 1$ 23-11-66, c 25-11-66; Maranhao 1$ 15-V1II-65, 1$ 18-VII1-65; Anap 1$ 7-XII-36, IS 23-XII-36, 2S H-37, 3S 19-11-37 (OC), IS 111-37; Leop 5$ XII-33. Most easily caught on wet sand.
151. Diaethria eluina (Hew., 1852).
Anap IS XII-36, 2$ 19-11-37 (OC); Goiania IS VIII-43 (OC); Camp 2$ 1-34; Leop 6^12 XII-33; Vian 1? XI-31.
152. Diaethria clymena janeira Felcl., 1862.*
SobrdR c 11, 12, 13-VIII-65; Contagem 1$ 17-VII1-65, 2S 18-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Fercal c 15, 17, 18-VIII-65, c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao c 14, 15, 18-VIII-65, c 23-11-66, Is 12-VI-66; JZool 2$ 19 27-1-62, 2$ 1-II-62, 1$ 20-11-63, c 21-11-66, c 8-VI-66; PGama 2s 9-VI-66; Vead 1 S ; Cav 1 S ; Anap 1 S 1-36, 1 S 25-X-36, 2^22 XI-36, 1 S 17-XII-36, 1 $ 19-XII-36, 18 ^ 1 $ 19-11-37 (OC); Goiania IS VIII-43 (OC), 1^ 7-III-63; Camp 1^2$ 111-30, 2S 1-34; Leop 5$ XII-33; Vian 1 S XI-31; K485 c 26-11-66; K222 5^ 20-11-66.
153. Callidula pyrame (F., 1781).
Fercal Is 17-VIII-65, c 23, 25-11-66; Cav 2 S ; Tag 2 S 1$; Anap 1$ 16-XI-36; Camp 1^1$ 111-30, 9^32 1-34. Males are best caught on wet sand, females in nearby brushy tangles.
154. Epiphile hubneri Hew., 1861.* Parac 1 S 12-XII-19, 1 S 28-XII-20.
155. Epiphile orea Hbn., 1823.*
SobrdW 1 2 22-11-66, 1$ +1S 12s 24-11-66; Vead 1 S ; Anap 1 S 17-VIII-36, IS 6-1-37 (OC), IS VI-37; Camp 2$ 1-34; Leop 5S XII-33; Parac 1$ 12-XII-19. Deep forest, comes fairly well to bait, difficult to capture without aid of bait.
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156. Temenis korallion Fruhst., 1912.
SobrdW 19 10-VI-66 (KB); Contagem IS 17-VIII-65 (KB), 19s 18-VIII-65; Vead 1 S ; Leop 4 S XII-33.
Easily distinguished from following species by exceptionally dark upperside (iridescent purple in males) and relatively clean, dark brown underside, with discal area of forewing ochre.
157. Temenis laothoe bahiana Fruhst., 1907.
SobrdW 16 ll-VIII-65, IS 12-VIII-65, IS 13-VIII-65, l#s 22-11-66, c 24-11-66; Contagem 19 17-VIII-65, IS 18-VIII-65; Fercal c 23-11-66, 5s 25-11-66; Maranhao \S 23-11-66; PGama 3s 9-VI-66; Vead 2<$; Anap IS 19-11-37 (OC); Camp 2$ 29 1-34, IS 24-XII-35 (OC); Leop 10 $ 4 9 XII-33; Vian IS 111-30; K222 19 20-11-66; PPEflex Is 19-11-66; PPW Is 19-11-66, c 27-11-66, 3s 6-VI-66, 2s 7-VI-66. In dry woods, occasionally on bait, males sometimes on wet sand.
158. Nica flavilla flavilla (Godt., 1823) .*
Contagem 1$ 18-VIII-65; K222 2S 8-VIII-65; PPEflex Is 6-VI-66. Lighter form is more common in winter. Form lunigera (Fruhst., 1907): Contagem 1 S 23-11-66; Fercal 1 9 23-11-66, 1 S 25-11-66; Maranhao Is 12-VI-66; PGama c 9-VI-66; Vead 1 S ; Camp 2S 1-34, 2 9 26-XII-35 (OC); Leop IS XII-33; Vian 3S 19 111-30, 13 1$ XI-31; K222 c 20-11-66; PPW Is 6-VI-66, Is 7-VI-66. Darker, the predominant form in the planalto. Local, riparian sites.
159. Cybdelis phaesyla Hbn., 1825.* Leop 1 $ XII-33. Seasonally common.
160. Libythina cuvieri (Godt., 1819).
SobrdW 4^19 22-11-66, c 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; JZool IS 25-111-63; BrasCC Is ll-VI-66; Vead IS 19; Leop 2$ XII-33, 9S 2 9 XII-37; Vian IS 111-30, 1^19 XI-31, 6$ XII-31. Occurs only in typical cerrado, flying rapidly among the stunted trees 1 m above the ground. Does not enter the forests.
161. Evonyme bechina (Hew., 1852).
SobrdW 19 13-VIII-65; Maranhao IS 23-11-66; JZool c 6-II-62; Vead IS; Leop IS 2 9 XII-33, IS X-37, 1S XI-37, 4 <$ XII-37, Vian 3 <$ 1 $ 111-30; Arag IS XII-31, 2$ X-33; K485 IS 22-VIII-65. Typical of the dry cerrado, very similar to L. cuvieri in habits. At times attracted to bait.
162. Evonyme volumna intricata (Fruhst., 1909). SobrdR 1 S 12-VIII-65 (KB); Vead 1 6 .
163. Evonyme eurota (Cr., 1775). Goiania 1 S VIII-43 ( OC ).
164. Evonyme caelina (Godt., 1823).* Vead IS.
165. Evonyme maja (F., 1775).* Arag 19 X-31.
166. Evonyme macris phasis (Feld., 1862). Leop'1,4 XII-31.
167. Mestra hypermestra apicalis (Stgr., 1888).
Maranhao 1 9 14-VII1-65, 1 9 15-VIII-65; JZool 1 S s 8-VI-66; Anap 1 # 1 9 1-36; Goiania 2$ 6-III-63; Camp 2 9 TII-30, 5 <$ 6 9 1-34, IS 1-38; K485 1^19 26-11-66; K222 1^19 8-VIII-65, 2^2 9 20-11-66; PPEflex c 7-VI-66. Exceedingly variable, from nearly pure white to black, white, and orange, but generally more orange beneath than in coastal h. hypermestra.
168. Ectima liria lirissa (Godt., 1821).*
Fercal IS 23-11-66 (OM); Camp 3^ 1-34; Parac U 10-V-19.
169. Hamadryas chloe rhea (Fruhst., 1907).
SobrdW IS 10-VI-66; Contagem 4S 17-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Fercal 3s 23-11-66; Maranhao 2s 12-VI-66; Vead 1 S ; Anap 1 $ XI-36, 3 $ XII-36, 1 S 7-XII-36, 1^ 2-1-37 (OC), IS H-37; Camp 2$ (OC), AS 1-34; Vian 2S
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111-30; PPEflex 1 S 7-VI-66. All members of Hamadryas- attracted readily to bait.
170. Hamadryas ferentina ferentina (Godt., 1821).
SobrdW 1$ 12-VIII-65, 19 13-VIII-65, 2$ 22-11-66, c 24-11-66, 1$ 10-VI-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao a 23-11-66; JZool IS 27-1-62, 1$ 5-XII-63, c 21-11-66; Goiania 2$ 30-1-62, 1$ 6-III-63; PPEflex IS 19-11-66, IS 7-VI-66. An enormous concentration was noted on manuie along a road near the Maranhao, Feb. 23, 1966.
171. Hamadryas feronia ohumhrata (Fruhst., 1916).*
SobrdR c 22-11-66; SobrdW c 11, 12, 13-VTII-65, c 22, 24-11-66, c 10-VI-66; Contagem 1 S 17-VIII-65, Is 23-11-66; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; JZool 1 S 22-11-63, c 21-11-66, Is 8-VI-66; PGama IS 9-VI-66; Vead IS; Cav IS; Anap 1<$ Xl-36; Leop AS 1$ XII-33; Vian 2 S 19 111-30, U XI-31. The commonest Hamadryas of the planalto.
172. Hamadryas iphthime gervasia (Fruhst., 1916) or epinome (Feld., 1867).* JZool 2S 21-11-66; Camp 2$ 1-34; Leop 2S 19 XII-33; Vian 1$ XI-31; PPW 1 S 27-11-66, 1 S 7-VI-66. A species or complex of unclarified taxonomy.
173. Hamadryas fornax (Hbn., 1822). Camp 1 S 1-34; Leop 1 S XII-33. Rare.
174. Hamadryas amphinome aegina (Fruhst., 1916).*
SobrdW IS ll-VIII-65, IS 24-11-66; Fercal 1 S 23-11-66, 3s 25-11-66; TZool IS I960, AS 1-11-62, \S 2-II-62, 1 <$ 1 9 6-II-62, IS 20-11-63, c 21-11-66; Vead IS; Cav IS; PPEflex c 19-11-66, 19 6-V1-66; PPW 2s 27-11-66.
175. Hamadryas laodamia (Cr., 1776).
SobrdW 2S s I3-VIII-65; Contagem 19 17-VIII-65, IS 18-VIII-65; Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; JZool IS 1-II-62, 19 20-11-63, c 21-11-66, 19s ll-VI-66; BrasCC 1 S s ll-VI-66; Vead IS 29; Anap IS XI-36, IS XII-36, IS 16-VII-37 (OC); Goiania 19 VIII-43 (OC); Camp IS 29 1-34; K222 a 8-VIII-65; PPEflex c 19-11-66, U 1? 27-11-66, c 7-VI-66; PPW 2s 27-11-66. Readily attracted to bait, but difficult to capture. Does not "click" as do other Hamadryas and shows strong affinities with Biblis.
176. Bihlis hyperia hyperia (Cr., 1779).
SobrdW Is 12-VIII-65, Is 13-VIII-65; Fercal 2s 23-11-66, Is 25-11-66; Cav 1$; Camp IS 111-30, IS 1-38; Vian 1$ XI-31; PPW IS 19-11-66, 2s 6-VI-66. Attracted to bait.
177. Doxocopa laurentia (Godt., 1823).*
Fercal lSs 23-11-66; Anap IS XII-36, 2$ 19-11-37 (OC); Leop 2 <$ XII-33; Vian 19 XI-31. Not easily found; on wet sand (males) or sunny patches in deep woods and flowers (females).
178. Doxocopa laure lauretta (Stgr., 1888).*
Fercal c 23, 25-11-66; Maranhao IS 14-VIII-65, ISs 12-VI-66; PPEflex IS 6-VI-66; PPW 1 9 19-11-66, 3 S s 27-11-66. Common on wet sand near forest. Includes several named forms, and may not be distinct from the following species.
179. Doxocopa selima (Bates, 1865).*
Fercal IS 25-11-66 (OM); Tag 2S; Goiania 19 VIII-43 (OC).
180. Doxocopa agathina (Cr., 1782).
Fercal 1 S 18-VIII-65, c 23, 25-11-66; Tag 1 S ; Camp 2 S ISA, 2 S 22-XII-35 (OC), 1$ 24-XII-35 (OC); Leop 3$ XII-33, Wet sand, forested rivers.
181. Doxocopa vacuna (Godt., 1823).*
Fercal 1 S 23-11-66, 1 9 25-11-66. Wet sand, forested rivers. We regard this as quite distinct from agathina.
182. Pyrrhogyra neaerea arge Gosse, 1880.*
Goiania 1^ 30-1-62; PPW 1$ 27-11-66 (OM), 1S s 6-VI-66. Very local; apical spot a little larger than in normal series.
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183. Tigridia latifascia (Butl., 1873).
SobrdW 3s 22-11-66, 1$ 19 (KB) + 3s 24-11-66, 2$ (KB) + 5s 10-VI-66; Anap 1 9 16-XI-36. Exceedingly wary and difficult to catch. Comes to bait, but does not stay upon being approached. Lands head-down on tree trunks, with wings closed; when approached, trembles wings to semi-open, closes again, and seems to hop backwards up the tree-trunk; when flushed, unlike other tree-trunk landing species which fly outward and upward (e.g. Colobura, Callicore, Hamadryas, Historis, Prepona, Evonyme, Myscelia), Tigridia flies sideways in an unpredictable direction, making several tight circles around the tree before flying away at high altitude.
184. Colobura dirce (L., 1758).
SobrdW 2$ ll-VIII-65, c 22, 24-11-66, IS 10-VI-66; Vead 2 S ■ Goiania IS VIII-43 (OC); Leop IS XII-33; K222 2$ 8-VIII-65; PPEflex IS 19-11-66, Is 6-VI-66, 1 S 7-VI-66; PPW Is 27-11-66. Comes to bait. Often seen on tree-trunks in woods and towns, head downward with wings closed; not easy to catch.
185. Smyrna blomfildia (F., 1781).
SobrdW 1? 12-VIII-65; Fercal IS 25-11-66; Tag 1S , PPW 19s 27-11-66. At wet sand (males) or bait, not common.
186. Historis odius odius (F., 1775).
SobrdW 19 13-VIII-65 (KB), ISs 24-11-66; Fercal Us 25-11-66; Vead 19. Readily attracted to bait.
187. Agrias claudia godmani Fruhst., 1895.
SobrdW IS 22-11-66 (OM), IS 24-11-66 (KB); K485 IS 22-VIII-65 (KB). We have only seen this unusual subspecies on bait. Pattern rather variable, from very reduced red on forewing (crescent) and only three narrow lines on veins of hindwing, to considerable red on both wings (all from same brood); much blue iridescence.
188. Prepona meander (Cr., 1775). PGama 1 S 9-VI-66.
Form fruhstorferi Rober, 1914: SobrdW 1 S 13-VIII-65; Vead 3 S 19- This form has the wing completely tan underneath. Comes to bait; plain form commoner than contrasted nominate form.
189. Prepona demophon extincta Stgr., 1886.
SobrdW, 1 $ 24-11-66; PGama 1 9 s 9-VI-66; Vead 1 S ; Camp 1 # 1 9 1-34.
190. Prepona demophoon antimache (Hbn., 1819). Vead IS.
191. Prepona laertes laertes (Hbn., 1811).
SobrdW IS 12-VIII-65 (KB), IS 24-11-66 (KB).
192. Prepona eugenes laertides Stgr., 1897. Anap 1 S 12-XI-36; Camp 1 $ 1-34.
Concepts of the following species are according to Comstock (1961).
193. Anaea (Siderone) marthesia (Cr., 1777).
SobrdR 1 S s 22-11-66; SobrdW 1 S 13-VIII-65, 1 S 10-VI-66; Vead 2 $ 19; Anap 1 9 XI-36; Go 1 S 1926. Widespread but uncommon, best caught with bait.
194. Anaea (Zaretis) itys strigosus (Gmelin, 1788-93).*
SobrdW 1 9 12-VIII-65, 1 S 13-VII1-65, 1 S 22-11-66; Contagem 1 S 18-VIII-65; Vead 1$; Vian 19 IH-30; PPW 19 6-VI-66, U 1? 7-VI-66. Comes readily to bait.
195. Anaea (Hypna) clytemnestra forbesi Godm. & Salv., 1884.
Tag 1 S • The southern subspecies (hubneri) with the forewing band yellow instead of white, does not seem to pass to the north of the blend zone.
196. Anaea (Memphis) ryphea phidile (Geyer, 1834).
SobrdW 3 S s 24-11-66; Contagem 1 S 17-VIII-65, 19 + 2 $ s 23-11-66; Fercal
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2^s 23-11-66, c 25-11-66; JZool c 21-11-66; Vead 8 S 2 $ ; Tag 1 S ; Camp 2S I-34; Leop IS XII-33; K222 19 20-11-66; PPW 12s 19-11-66, 1 $ + 2 $ s 27-11-66, 2$ 6-VI-66. Widespread and common, on wet sand (males) or bait.
197. Anaea (Memphis) cratias (Hew., 1874).*
Cav 2$; Tag 1 <$ ; Anap 1$ 21-XII-36; Leop 1$ XII-33; Vian 1 S 1? XI-31; Arag 12 11-30.
198. Anaea (Memphis) morvus stheno (Prittw., 1865).
SobrdW 2$ 24-11-66, 1# 1$ 10-V1-66; Contagem c 17-VIII-65; Maranhao IS 15-VIII-65; JZool 12 27-1-62, 12 1-II-63; Vead 5^ 12; Camp 2S 1-34; PPW 1^12 27-11-66. Best caught with bait.
199. Anaea (Memphis) arachne victoria (Druce, 1877).*
SobrdW IS ll-VIII-65, IS 13-VIII-65, 12 24-11-66; JZool \$ 21-11-66; Goiania 1 S 30-1-62; Camp 2 $ 24-11-35; PPW 1 2 19-11-66. Attracted to bait.
We expect to add at least fifteen species to the 97 of Nymphalinae and Charaxinae described here, but it is difficult to predict these. However, the following should occur on the planalto: Euptoieta hegesia, two more species of Phyciodes, two more species of Adelpha, Dynamine meridionalis and one further species of Dynamine, at least one more Callicore, two or more additional species of migratory Evonyme (such as margarita and tatila bellaria), another species of Prepona and of Doxocopa, Consul fabius, and two or three further species of Anaea (Memphis) (such as leonida or appias).
Total for Nymphafidae: 199 species. Predicted to occur on planalto: Approximately 250 species; about 80% represented on present list.
LlBYTHEIDAE
200. Lihytheana carinenta (Cr., 1779).
Fercal Is 17-VIII-65, Is 18-VIII-65, c 23-11-66; Maranhao Is 18-VIII-65; JZool IS 1-II-62; Tag IS; Vian IS XII-31; K485 IS 22-VIII-65; PPW Is 19-11-66; Go 1 $ . Wet sand, riverbanks.
We do not foresee the occurrence of further Libytheidae on the planalto.
Literature Cited
Comstock, W. P., 1961. Butterflies of the American tropics. The genus Anaea (Lep. Nymph.). Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., xiii + 214 pp., 250 figs., 30 plates.
Dillon, L. S., 1948. The Tribe Catagrammini (Lep. Nymph.). Part I. The genus Catagramma and allies. Sci. Pub. Reading Public Museum, 8, vii + 113 pp., 14 plates.
Ebert, H., 1965. Uma Colecao de Borboletas (Lepid. Rhopal.) do Rio Amapari (Territ. do Amapa) com anotacoes taxonomicas sobre Rhopalocera do Brasil. Papeis Avulsos Dept. Zool. Sao Paulo, 18: 65-85, 2 figs.
Emsley, M. C, 1964. The geographical distribution of the color-pattern components of Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene with genetical evidence for the systematic relationship between the two species. Zoologica, N. Y., 49: 245-286, 2 plates, 15 figs. 1965. Speciation in Heliconius (Lep. Nymphalidae): morphology and geographic distribution. Zoologica, N. Y., 50: 191-254, 173 figs.
Forster, W., 1964. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Insektenfauna Boliviens XIX:
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Lepidoptera III. Satyridae. Veroffentlichungen der Zoologischen Staatssamm-
lung Miinchen, 8: 51-188, 9 plates, 264 figs. Heringer, E., 1966. Trabalhos apresentados nos varios congressos da Sociedade
Botanica do Brasil. Anais Soc. Bot. Bras., in press. LeMoult, E., & P. Real, 1962. Les Morpho d'Amerique du Sud et Centrale.
Published by the authors, Paris, xiv + 296 pp., 116 plates. Seitz, A., 1930-1932. Goyaz-Reise. Ent. Rndsch., 47: 29-32, 35-38, 43^-48; 48:
1-6, 36-39, 48-51, 74-76, 81-83, 105-109, 137-140, 142-146, 184-189, 197-
202, 205-213, 224-228, 236-242, 245-248, 257-263; 49: 11-15, 17-21, 41-47,
73-77, 91-94, 105-109, 118-123, 129-133, 139-143, 151-152, 197-200, 205-
210, 218-219, 228-231, 238-243, 253-256, 1 plate, 26 figs. Spitz, R., 1930. (Jber neue brasilianische Insektenformen. Ent. Rndsch., 47: 39-
43, 2 figs. 1931a. Variationerscheinungen an Euptychia armilla Btlr., und einige neue Lepi-
dopteren aus Brasilien. Rev. Ent. (Sao Paulo), 1: 42-52, 2 figs. 1931b. Especies Novas de Macrolepidopteros Brasileiros e suas biologias. Rev.
Museu Paulista (Sao Paulo), 17: 459-482, 4 plates. Stichel, H., 1932. Brassolidae. Lep. Cat., 51, Junk, Berlin. Talbot, G., 1928. List of Rhopalocera collected by Mr. C. L. Collenette in Mato
Grosso, Brazil. Bull. Hill Mus. Witley, 2: 192-220, 3 plates.
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BOOK NOTICE
INSECTS OF HAWAII, Volumes 7 and 8, by Elwood C. Zimmerman. University of Hawaii Press, 535 Ward Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii 96814, 1958. Volume 7 (Macrolepidoptera): 542 pp., 423 black and white figures. Volume 8 (Pyraloidea): 456 pp., 347 black and white figures. By mail, both $17.50 in United States.
Volume 7 pictures with some detail the 168 species of Macrolepidoptera in 46 genera that were known from Hawaii as of December, 1956. The families Geometridae, Noctuidae and Sphingidae are best represented in the Hawaiian fauna. Of the 158 species of moths treated, 130 are endemic and 28 are foreign introductions. Only two of the ten butterflies in the fauna are endemic. These are Vanessa tmmeamea Eschscholtz and Vaga blackbumi (Tuely).
Volume 8 contains valuable information pertaining to the 226 species of pyraloid moths, of which 190 are endemic and 36 are foreign introductions. Only four subfamilies of Pyraloidea (Pyraustinae, Scopariinae, Crambinae and Phycitinae) are mentioned as having species endemic to Hawaii.
Both soft-bound volumes contain a checklist of the Lepidoptera mentioned therein, followed by a complete summary of the nomenclatural clianges made in each volume and a tabular summary of the endemic Hawaiian species. A discussion of the morphological features and the host-plants of each species is also presented, with keys given in many of the genera.
The black and white photographs comprising most of the figures representing the adults and their genitalia are excellent and are enlarged considerably for detail. Both volumes are essential to anyone interested in the Hawaiian fauna.—Glenn A. Gorelick, University of California, Berkeley.
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