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Perkins and Perkins: Limenitis lorquini Vol. 20, no. 3
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172 Perkins and Perkins: Limenitis lorquini Vol. 20, no. 3
southwest of Portales. The shifting of the location of the colony can be attributed to the wind. This subspecies occurs in a relative open country and the direction of the blowing wind during the flight period of the females will determine the location of the colony the following year as the females tend to drift with the wind as they oviposit. Thus we can expect colonies of this type shifting back and forth from year to year.
This subspecies occurs on the high plains of eastern New Mexico from south of Clayton southward to north of Lovington. It should also be found immediately east in west Texas.
This subspecies appears similar to M. yucca arizonae Tinkham; however, the genitalia indicate it is associated with M. yucca coloradensis Riley.
The New Mexico race is distinguished from arizonae by the length of the spots (longer) and the darker color of the spots and from coloradensis by its larger size and darker coloring of spots. It should be noted, however, that this is one of the few instances where we appear to have a north-south cline, from typical coloradensis to elidaensis.
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A REVIEW OF THE LIMENITIS LORQUINI COMPLEX (NYMPHALIDAE)
Edwin M. Perkins, Jr., and Stephen F. Perkins
Oregon Regional Primate Res. Center, Beaverton, Oregon
The Limenitis lorquini complex consists of two subspecies, one form, and four aberrations, according to C. F. dos Passos' 1964 Synonymic List of Nearctic Rhopalocera (pp. 75-76). Limenitis lorquini burrisonii May-nard and Limenitis lorquini burrisonii ab. maynardi Field are of particular interest; the former was assigned a subspecific standing while the latter is presently treated as an aberration.
It is the intention of the authors to discuss and elucidate the categorical treatment and designations of the presently recognized entities in the lorquini complex.
The southern complex
The original description of Limenitis lorquini lorquini (Boisduval) (Eigs. 1 and 2) appeared in 1852 (Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, (2)10: 301). The type locality was cited as California. L. /. lorquini represents the typical, southern race of the species.
Limenitis lorquini form eavesii, Henry Edwards (Figs. 3 and 4), described from the vicinity of Virginia City, Nevada, differs basically
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from typical lorquini in that it exhibits a well-defined row of orange spots distal to the median white band of the hindwing dorsally. In addition, eavesii also displays more extensive orange over the apical area of the forewing dorsally. Form eavesii not only inhabits Nevada but also California, occurring from coastal lowland and mountain localities in the southern counties to mountainous regions in the central and northern counties. An examination of Nevada and California material reaffirms that eavesii is a minority form, to be found at a variable rate of occurrence, within typical lorquini populations.
Form eavesii was not originally described in 1878 as the Synonymic List of Nearctic Rhopalocera indicates. C. F. dos Passos (in lift.) states: "Limenitis lorquini form eavesii, Hy. Edwards was published on page 172 of volume VII of the Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. The title page, insofar as material, reads (Volume VII, 1876— San Francisco, 1877) from which I deduce that the final signature (13) in which this name appears was not published until 1877. The preceding signature contains the minutes of a meeting held 18 December 1876. Consequently, I conclude that eavesii Hy. Edwards should be dated 1877." dos Passos further states: "There is a possibility that this name was published in 1876 since it appeared in Pacific Coast Lepidoptera, no. 22 and it is generally believed that these papers were distributed as separates by Henry Edwards before they were published by the Academy. However, under Article 21 of the Code, the publication of preprints is frowned upon."
L. lorquini from northern California retain the characteristic facies of the southern populations, although an occasional example possesses concomitantly reduced orange apical patches on the forewing dorsally and a somewhat darker ground color, ventrally. This tendency is preponderant in populations sampled in southern Oregon.
The northern complex
The subspecies typical of northern areas occurs in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alberta, Idaho, and Montana. Individuals possess restricted (rarely absent) apical areas on the forewings above, which are dark, red-orange in hue. These specimens also present a somber, ventral ground color which becomes very melanotic in some individuals. The name which is presently applied to this northern race is burrisonii Maynard. Our investigation has shown this categorical concept and subsequent nomenclatorial designation to be in error.
We have examples of northern lorquini which are unusual in possessing a postmedian row of six well-defined, burgundy-red to orange spots, located distally to the median white band of the dorsal hindwings.
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As we were curious about this particular variation, which is pheno-typically expressive in only 11.5 percent of the 338 northern lorquini examined, a representative specimen from west central Montana (Fig. 7) was forwarded to F. M. Brown, Colorado Springs, Colorado for his inspection and determination.
According to Brown, the specimen parallels the form originally described as burrisonii (Figs. 7 and 8) in 1891 (The Manual of North American Butterflies, p. 102). In his original description Maynard stated: "Differs from the typical lorquini, in the entire absence of any red in the apex of the fore wing above, and in the presence of a series of red spots outside the white band on hind wing, and there are indications of a sub-marginal series of spots." Maynard further states: "I have described above a form of Limenitis obtained by Mr. H. K. Burrison, in British Columbia, during July 1890, from Landsdowne, westward to Vancouvers Island." This description suggests that Maynard's type (although not specifically fixed) was a minority variant of the northern, red-spotted lorquini from which apical patches were lacking.
Field's maynardi (Figs. 5 and 6), considered to be an aberration, was described in 1936. The type locality was given as Vancouver, British Columbia. In his original description (Jour. Ent. ZooL, Pomona, 28: 24-25), Field stated: "The northern form which lacks these red spots and which is similar in this respect to typical lorquini Boisduval is unnamed. I name it maynardi after the author of the red spotted form. . . ." Although Field was not specific regarding the nomenclatorial standing of maynardi, he did qualify its categorical treatment by adding the following note on page 25 of his original description: "If the common form of the northern race is the form without red spots, then maynardi will have to be listed as the normal form of the race. If not the normal form of the race burrisonii then this new form is a transition form representing melanism, black taking the place of red."
The original descriptions of both maynardi and burrisonii were so worded by their respective authors that both are categorically available
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Explanation of plate
Figs. 1-8. Ink and watercolor sketches of Limenitis lorquini complex: 1) $ , L. I. lorquini (Bdv.), Tuolumne Co., Calif., l-VII-64; 2) $, L. I lorquini (Bdv.), San Diego Co., Calif., 27-VI-64; 3) £, L. I. lorquini form eavesii Hy. Edw., Inyo Co., Calif., 3-VII-63; 4) 9, L. I. lorquini form eavesii Hy. Edw., Santa Barbara Co., Calif., 6-V-63; 5) <3 , L. I. burrisonii form norm, maynardi (Field), Yakima Co., Wash., 8-VIII-64; 6) $, L. I. burrisonii form norm, maynardi (Field), Flathead Co., Mont., l-VII-61; 7) 8, L. I. burrisonii Maynard, Ravalli Co., Mont., 7-VII-62; 8) $ , L. /. burrisonii Maynard, Wasco Co., Oregon, 20-VI-64.
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for usage in a subspecific designation. As both names apply to the same subspecific complex and as Article 23 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature indicates that it is mandatory for the earliest published name to be used as the subspecific nomen, burrisonii (the minority form described 45 years before maynardi) must be the name used to describe the northern subspecies. In order that this incongruity be made conspicuous, the following arrangement is proposed:
/. lorquini (Boisduval), 1852 form eavesii Hy. Edwards, 1877 ab. comstocki (Gunder), 1925 ab. gunderi (Field), 1936 ab. powelli (Field), 1936 /. burrisonii Maynard, 1891
form norm, maynardi (Field), 1936.
Conclusions
1) In light of the original descriptions and the frequency of occurrence of maynardi and burrisonii, it is apparent that burrisonii is to maynardi that which eavesii is to lorquini.
2) Although it has been demonstrated that burrisonii is an infrequently occurring, red-spotted minority form and that maynardi is the common and prevalent, normal form, adherence to the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature necessitates that burrisonii be the name applied to the northern subspecies of lorquini.
Acknowledgments
The authors are deeply indebted to Dr. C. F. dos Passos, Mendham, New Jersey, Mr. F. M. Brown, Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs, Colorado, and Dr. J. A. Comstock, Del Mar, California for their assistance in nomenclatorial problems, the acquisition of publication data, and guidance in the preparation of this manuscript.
For special assistance in local fieldwork, the authors extend their sincere appreciation to Mr. A. O. Shields, La Mesa, California and Mr. P. J. Herlan, Nevada State Museum, Carson City, Nevada.
For the use of their records and/or specimens, we thank Mr. J. H. Baker, Dr. F. H. Chermock, Mr. C. R. Crowe, Mr. T. W. Davies, Dr. E. J. Dornfeld (Oregon State University), Mr. S. Dvorak, Mr. S. L. Ellis, Mr. T. C. Emmel, Mr. R. L. Guppy, Mr. S. G. Jewett, Jr., Mr. N. LaDue, Mr. J. Manning, Mr. L. M. Martin (Los Angeles County Museum), Mr. D. McCorkle, Mr. C. W. Nelson, Mr. E. J. Newcomer, Mr. J. R. Pease, Mr. K. Roever, Prof. G. J. Spencer (University of British Columbia), and Mr. R. F. Sternitzky.
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