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1956
The Lepidopterists' News
89
References
Beier, M., 1930. Die Pseudoscorpione des Wiener Naturhistorischen Museums. III.
Ann. Wien. Mus. 44: 199-222. ........ , 1932. Zur Kenntnis der Cheliferidae (Pseudoscorpionoidea). Zool. Anz.
100: 53-67. ........ , 1948. Phoresie und Phagophilie bei Pseudoscorpionen. Osterreichische zool.
Zeitschr. 1: 441-497. Berland, L., 1932. Les Arachnides. Biologie, systematique. In: Encycl. ent., A., vol. 16
(esp. p. 52). Paris, Lechevalier. Forbes, W. T. M., 1954. Lepidoptera of New York and neighboring states. Part III.
Noctuidae. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Station, Memoir 329-Vauchon, M., 1947. Nouvelles remarques a propos de la phoresie des Pseudoscorpions.
Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. nat. Paris, 2nd ser. 19: 84-87. ............, 1949- Ordre des Pseudoscorpions. In: Traite de Zoologie, vol. 6. Paris,
Masson.
Dept. of Biology, The City College of New York, New York 31, N. Y., U. S. A.
THE STATUS OF KALMIA AS A HOST PLANT OF IN CIS ALIA AUGUSTINUS (LYC2ENID2E)
by J. B. Ziegler
A discussion of this topic formed part of the substance of a paper by the present author (1953) which appeared recently in this journal. At that time it was pointed out that the inclusion of Kalmia in the host plant list of Incisalia augustinus Westwood appeared to be based upon papers by John H. Cook, and the pertinent work of that author was summarized. To recapitulate briefly the evidence of COOK on this point, he had made the following observations: (1) the butterfly had been seen to oviposit on Kalmia (presumably in the laboratory); however, (2) larvae were never discovered on this plant in nature; (3) it was impossible to rear the insect on Kalmia in the laboratory (larvae which had been feeding normally on V'actinium refused to eat Kalmia); and (4) the green larvae would be quite conspicuous (and therefore liable to attack by predators) while feeding on the rosy Kalmia flowers, the most likely site of attack. On the other hand, Cook had no difficulty in demonstrating that Vactinium spp. were authentic host plants of this butterfly according to the criteria mentioned in points 1, 2, and 3 above.
90 ZlEGLER: Kalmia for Incisalia augustinus Vol.10: nos.3-4
In an interesting recent paper, Knudsen (1955) added Azalea calendulacea Michx. to the host plant list of the lycsenid butterfly, Strymon liparops Bdv. & Lee, already known to be widely polyphagous. He found larvae feeding on the flame-colored azalea flowers, and carried them successfully through to pupation and emergence. In view of the apparent irrelevance to the survival of this butterfly of its exposed position while feeding on this host plant, he reasoned by analogy that /. augustinus might show a similar feeding habit on Kalmia. Since this would tend to invalidate point 4 mentioned above in the argument against Kalmia as a host plant for 1. augustinus, he suggested that this plant should be retained on the list for this butterfly.
While we are in agreement with Knudsen with regard to the possible significance of his findings as they bear on the validity of point 4 in the argument outlined above, yet it should be emphasized that this point is a minor one in that argument. Considered in sum, Cook's evidence speaks very strongly against Kalmia as a host plant for I. augustinus. It may be assumed that his observation of oviposition on this plant was an artifact due to the unnatural conditions of laboratory host plant screening experiments. One other point not mentioned in our earlier paper may be stressed at this time. /. augustinus is the earliest Hairstreak in the vicinity of Lakehurst, New Jersey. It ordinarily appears on the wing about the middle of April and the flight is about over by the middle of May or perhaps somewhat earlier. Therefore the peak density of hatching eggs must occur in late April or early May. At this time Vaccinium spp. and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Spreng., authenticated host plants of /. augustinus, are in full bloom (early instar larvae attack the flowers), while Kalmia angustifolia L. does not blossom in this locality until much later.
In conclusion, there seems to be little evidence for, and much against, Kalmia as a host plant of /. augustinus. As matters now stand, it does not deserve a place on the list.
References
Knudsen, J. P., 1955. A new host plant record for Strymon liparops. Lepid. News 9: 11-12. Ziegler, J. B., 1953. Notes on the life history of Incisalia augustinus and a new host plant record. Lepid. News 7: 33-35.
64 Canoe Brook Parkway, Summit, New Jersey, U. S. A.
NEW NORTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
At a meeting held at Raleigh, N. C, on 17 November 1956, the North Carolina Entomological Society was organized, with membership open to all interested in entomology. Dr. C. F. SMITH (Head, Dept. of Entomology, N. C. State College, Raleigh) was elected President, and Mr. JAMES F. GREEN (N. C State Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh) Secretary-Treasurer.
R. R. McElvare, P. O. Box 386, Southern Pines, N. C, U. S. A.