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216 Vol.9: no.6
RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA
(Under the supervision of PETER F. BELLINGER)
F. BIOLOGY AND IMMATURE STAGES
Allen, H. W., "Nosema disease of Gnorimosckema operculella (Zeller) and Macrocen-trus ancylivorus Rohwer." Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol.47: pp.407-424. Sept. 1954. Biology of this microsporidian disease in moth and parasite; control methods in culture work are described. [P.B.J
Baeta-Neves, C. M., "A entomofauna das 'exoticas' em Portugal" [in Portuguese]. Portug. Acta Biol. {B), vol.4: pp.191-196. 2 Oct. 1954. List, by foodplants, of insects on exotic plants in Portugal; records Evetria tesselatana on Cupressus, Thauma-topcea pityocampa on Pinus radiata and Pseudotsuga douglassi, Cacoecia pronubana on Myoporum acuminatum, Dicranura vinula on Populus, Semasia minutana on Populus alba, Zeuzera pyrina on Quercus rubra, Sciapteron tabaniforme on Populus robusta; Mimas tilice on Tilia spp. [P.B.]
Baird, R. B., "A species of Cephalosponum (Moniliaceae) causing a fungous disease in larvae of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis (Hbn.) (Lepidoptera: Py-raustidae)." Canad. Ent.. vol.86: pp.237-240, 5 figs. 9 July 1954. Discusses etiology, symptomatology, and pathology of this disease. [E.M.]
Belosel'skaia, Z. G., "The moth Argyresthia ephippella F. as a pest of cherries and plums" [in Russian]. Ent. Obozrenie, vol.32: pp.86-92, figs. 1952. [Not seen].
Belyea, R. M., "Death and deterioration of balsam fir weakened by spruce budworm defoliation in Ontario." Canad. Ent., vol.84: pp.325-335, 7 figs. 28 Nov. 1952. Discusses seasonal histories and habits of 7 spp. of Coleoptera and 3 spp. of Hymenoptera breeding in severely defoliated and dead trees. [E.M.]
Bennett, William H., "The effect of needle structure upon the susceptibility of hosts to the pine needle miner {Exoteleia pinifoliella (Chamb.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.49-54, 5 figs. 10 March 1954. States that large or numerous resin canals tend to reduce favorability of a Pinus sp. as a host for this insect. [E.M.]
Bennett, Wm. H., "The metamorphosis of the pine leaf miner {Exoteleia pinifoliella (Chamb.)) (Lepid. Gelechiidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.310-311, 1 fig. 20 Aug.
1954. Describes pupation, pupal cell, and emergence of adult. [E.M.]
Blais, J. R., "Effects of the destruction of the current year's foliage of balsam fir on the fecundity and habits of flight of the spruce budworm." Canad. Ent., vol.85: pp.446-448. 31 Dec. 1953. Complete defoliation is associated with reduced egg production, and with massive flights into adjoining areas. [E.M.]
Bourgogne, J., "Le venin de vipere utilise comme nourriture par une tineide (Lep.)" [in French]. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, vol.59: pp.74-75. 1954. The desiccated venom of Viper a aspis used as food by Tineola bisselliella in the Institut Pasteur, Paris. [P.V.]
Brandt, H., "Massenauftreten von Biston zonarius Schiff. (Lep., Geometridse) an Luzerne" [in German]. NachrbL Bayer. Ent., vol.3: p.64. 15 June 1954. Caterpillars were numerous on alfalfa. [N.O.]
Brandt, H., "Procris pruni Schiff. (Lep., Anthroceridae) an Erdbeere" [in German]. NachrbL Bayer. Ent., vol.3: p.64. 15 June 1954. Strawberry as a new foodplant.
[N-°-] Brooks, A. R., "Identification of bombyliid parasites and hyperparasites of Phalaenidae
of the Prairie Provinces of Canada, with descriptions of six other bombyliid pupae
(Diptera)." Canad. Ent., vol.84: pp.357-373, 46 figs. 31 Dec. 1952. Describes,
keys, and figures larvae, pupx% and/or adults of 11 spp. associated with Phalaenidae.
[E.M.]
Buresh, I., "Die Nonne Ocneria monacha als Schadling in der Waldern Bulgariens"
[in Bulgarian, German summary]. Izv. Zoo/. Inst. Bulg. Akad. Nauk, vol.2: pp.3-54.
1953. [Not seen].
Campbell, I. M., "Morphological differences between the pupae and the egg clusters of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.85: pp.134-135, 2 figs. 15 April 1953.
Chapman, John A., John 1. Romer, & John Stark, "Ladybird beetles and army cutworm adults as food for grizzly bears in Montana." Ecology, vol.36: pp.156-158. Jan.
1955. Chorizagrotis auxilaris; moth may estivate in numbers in high mountains. [P.B.] Cumming, Margaret E. P., "Notes on the spruce needle miner, Taniva albolineana Kft.
(Olethreutidae: Lepidoptera)." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.457-460, 2 figs. 5 Nov.
1954. Briefly describes life history; enumerates various spp. of spruce known to be hosts; lists 2 ichneumonid and 5 braconid parasites. [E.M.]
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dense stands of the saw palmetto. Many fragments of this association can still be found. In the late spring and summer, the Tar Flower (Befaria racemosa) puts up flower heads above the palmettos, and many butterflies are attracted to them. Some of the more open areas are the best of collecting places for skippers. (March-August, excellent; December, poor.)
COASTAL AREA NORTH OF MIAMI BEACH: It is almost hopeless to try to collect on the Miami Beach peninsula, but by driving north along Florida AlA the open beach and natural dunes can be reached in places. Stands of Ecastophyllum ecastophyllum often grow between the dunes and the mangroves along the bayshore, and should be examined for Phoebis statira floridensis. Eurema lisa sometimes appears in migratory swarms similar to those observed in the Bahamas. Migrations of Ascia monuste and Agraulis vanillce nigrior may also be observed in this area from March through May. (See Erik Tetens Nielsen & Astrid Tetens Nielsen, American Mus. Novitates, No. 1471, 1950, for an interesting account of migration in Ascia.) (July, excellent.)
FORT LAUDERDALE AND VICINITY: Marston Bates collected around Fort Lauderdale for a number of years, and recorded many interesting species. West of the city, and along U. S. 441, are pinelands and hammocks where northern and tropical plants intermingle. Papilio palamedes and other species may be more abundant here than farther south. Isoparce cupressi, the cypress sphinx, may be found rarely around cypress ponds or swamps. East of Fort Lauderdale, Florida Highway AlA parallels the Atlantic beach for some distance. Hammocks and dunes may be good collecting places. (July, good; August-September, fair.)
At West Palm Beach, U. S. 441 turns inland to Belle Glade and crosses the great Loxahatchee Slough of the northern Everglades. Here as along other roads through the Everglades, the roadside weedbeds will probably be the best collecting spots.
And so we say goodbye to the land of the Everglades. In the words of the Seminoles, "Wa lox-ee-ojus!" Good hunting!
APPENDIX: SOME GENERAL HINTS
Camping: Camping in southern Florida is somewhat difficult, but throughout the northern part of the state many excellent campsites are available. A list of state parks with camping facilities can be obtained from the Florida Board of Parks and Historical Monuments at Tallahassee, Florida. In many areas, however, campsites on unposted ground can be found almost anywhere. I usually take an Army Surplus jungle hammock with a light blanket for summer camping, and a light sleeping bag with mosquito net and frame and a tarapaulin for winter. Tourist courts are, of course, everywhere, and summer rates are usually reasonable.
Poisonous Snakes: The dangers from rattlesnakes and other poisonous serpents is greatly over-rated, but it pays to look where you are walking. A snake bite kit may be comforting to play with while you are getting to
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the nearest hospital in case you are bitten. Stop off at Ross Allen's Reptile Institute at Silver Springs if you want to be sure to see Florida rattlesnakes.
Mosquitoes: On the Florida Keys, Cape Sable, and in other southern areas mosquitos are often very bad during the summer months. Repellents, such as 612 or dimethyl pthalate, should be used freely. Oil of citronella is practically useless. Mosquito-borne diseases are not important in Florida today. Sandflies may be annoying in places, but can be inhibited with 612. An aerosol bomb to spray the inside of your mosquito net or tent if you are camping is highly desirable.
Mites and Venomous and Urticating Arthropods: The liberal application of 612 or benzyl benzoate to ankles and pants legs, cuffs, neckbands and other openings in the clothing will usually prevent the unpleasant effects produced by "red bugs" or "chiggers." Urticating caterpillars and venomous arthropods are not very common. Spirits of ammonia or household ammonia is useful in reducing pain from bites of scorpions, wasps, bees, etc. Ammonia is particularly valuable in relieving the itching and pain of stings of the little fire ants which are bad in some areas.
Hints on Collecting: The best seasons for collecting in Florida are, unfortunately, the wettest, and you must protect your specimens from molds and ants. A convenient method of drying specimens is to place them in cigar boxes which can be suspended above your car motor until thoroughly dried. Specimens put into tight containers without drying are usually cov-vered with mold and ruined in a few days. Naphthalene flakes seem to be somewhat more effective in inhibiting molds than paradichlorobenzene, but the latter gives better protection against ants. Cyanide bottles often get very damp and ruin many specimens, so that I prefer to kill butterflies with xylol carried in a small vial. They can then be immediately placed in small drug envelopes and stored in cigar boxes. This obviates much tedious sorting in the evening also. Nets should be as large and as sturdy as you can make them. They will take a terrific beating in the dense vegetation. An extension handle is often needed to reach some of the high-flying species.
Baiting: Baiting and sugaring are not as effective in south Florida as in many northern states, but a mixture of molasses, rum, and bananas often attracts swarms of the giant noctuid, Erebus odora.
A Word of Caution: If you cannot come to Florida yourself and are contemplating buying specimens for your collection, be sure that you are dealing with reliable people. In former years some unscrupulous persons made a practice of selling South American and West Indian species as being from Florida. Be wary of anything marked "Chokoloskee, Florida." Chokoloskee is an island south of the town of Everglade, near the western edge of the Everglades National Park. It is a fair collecting place, but hardly worth the expense of a visit. Similar conditions can be found at many places along the west coast from Naples south.
Dept of Zoology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind., U. S. A.
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BOOK REVIEW
MOTHS. By E. B. Ford, xix + 266 pp., 56 pis. (32 colored). 1955. Publisher: Collins, London. Available from E. W. Classey, 91 Bedfont Lane, Feltham, Middlesex, England, and other British booksellers, at 35s, plus postage. (Also published in America by The Macmillan Co., 60 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y., U. S. A., at $7.50.)
This is a continuation and supplement of the work entitled "Butterflies", by the same author and publisher. It likewise is intended to present all those biological problems which can be properly shown by the Lepidoptera, but in this case assuming that specifically moths are the material of study, and that the interested reader will turn back to the volume on butterflies for the details already presented in it. But enough background is given here so that one can get a clear picture with this volume alone.
In the butterfly volume it was possible to illustrate all the few British forms, incidental to the more biological discussion, but with the many times larger moth fauna this clearly cannot be done; the plates do manage to show a great many of the British moths, both common and rare, — but only those large enough to be shown well by natural size photographs, either in color or in black and white. The micros, while a few are mentioned in the text, do not appear in the pictures.
I might say that the late Clyde FlSHER had made preliminary arrangements with me to prepare a corresponding work based on the American moths. After his death we heard nothing more, and looking on the present volume, I say frankly that I couldn't have done it!
While the butterfly volume illustrated all the British species, the present one only covers a hundred or two of the moth species, so that they serve to a more definite degree as illustrations of the biological laws discussed, than of the fauna as such. The text, as with the preceding volume, is definitely devoted to the laws and the known biological facts: "Moths" means definitely 'the known laws of biology as illustrated by the British moths'. Physiology, genetics (including polymorphism), protective devices, pests, geography, melanism and population and extinction are taken in turn, but the two fields presented richly and almost exhaustively are genetics and geography. In these two fields no other work can give anything like so clear a picture of what we know, and so clear a hint of what we can next hope to find out.
Now for a few more specific comments. The first is aimed at the editors: why could not the plates have been given a single numbering? With the double numbering and the irregular placing (no doubt due to the problem of binding) one has to refer back to the two lists of plates every time he wishes to turn from the mention of a moth to its illustration, and to the index every time he makes the reverse shift. There is nothing new about this, we have to do it with almost every book, but it is always a new irritation. Incidentally the plates are beautifully reproduced, and only occasionally the colored ones show the tinted veil so common in three-color work, or the black and white plates less sharpness of detail than we could hope for.
In the author's statement of the reason for neglecting the micro-Lepidoptera, he writes: "less suitable for these studies, being more difficult to handle". I feel this is the reverse of the fact; at least one group of micros (the stored food pests) are on the whole easier to handle, and Ephestia at least has been used several times for genetic work just for that reason. There are other reasons that no doubt are the real ones, — they are less often collected by the amateur, with the result that we lack records of distribution and are more often plagued by misdetermined records. If you consider the related fact that many manuals omit them, 1 think you have two thirds of the story. I grant the other third: they are difficult to handle ... as dried adults.
I am sorry that the Kloet & Hincks check list was followed for the scientific names. It may be closer to the present rules than names previously used, but none of the familiar works on European moths have used it, and unless one has a popular
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English work that gives the more standard English names, he is often completely lost. At least the traditional scientific names should have appeared as synonyms. In the case of "Caradrinidse" (instead of the traditional names of Noctuidae, Agrotidae, or even "Phalaenidae") the word "noctuid" appears on p. 233, but even there there is no indication that the "Plusiidae" are also noctuid moths, Plusia in fact differing from Caradrina probably far less than either differs from such a "Plusiid" as Zanclognatha. Incidentally both larva and adult show that Callimorpha is not a Hypsid but a slightly aberrant Arctiid, hardly more than a subgenus of the American Haploa, which all workers put in the Arctiidse. The superfamily "Notodontoidea" is also a complete mess, for the Notodontidae themselves are close to the Noctuidae in egg, larva, and tympanum, while the geometers are something quite different (FORD lists the latter as five families); and the Polyplocidae which are here listed in the Notodontoidea are hardly more than a subfamily of the Drepanidas, which stand as a superfamily by themselves. I also see Geoffroy's misprint of "Tin&a" preferred to the Linnaean and classical Latin "Tinea". Incidentally the Psychidae, which give the name to his Psychoidea, are much closer to the Tineidas than to the Zygasnidae, which he groups with them. A very little study of Solenobia shows the situation.
1 think when Dr. FORD discusses the relative uses of collections and studies, he should have emphasized the value of a collection as a record. Some one may later ask what you were really studying; a good photograph may tell the story, but a few specimens saved from a genetic study are much safer in such a genus as Ephestia. If ancient specimens had not been saved, who would have guessed that the "Army Worm" of western Europe is not one of the Asiatic or South American kinds, but actually the one from North America?
There is a good chapter on industrial melanism; but I wish some one would give us a similar picture of the same phenomenon over here, known for many years about Pittsburgh, but now showing in hundreds of species well over the Northeast.
I am not clear why the compound eye should be considered "rather inefficient." Considering its size and the size of insects in general, it could hardly be more efficient.
I should hardly say that butterfly antennas usually end in a "knob"; much more often there is merely a gradual swelling, and even this may be slight in some Satyrs. The combined character of swollen antenna and no frenulum will doubtless define a butterfly in Europe and the U.S., but I have often been embarrassed by some beginner who had got hold of a specimen of Urania.
I think the question of bright colored hind wings and under sides, concealed at rest, is much more complicated than FORD would make it. Consider the Catocalas, night fliers but some of them easily flushed by day, and even more the yellow-winged Agrotids, so common in Europe, and so nearly absent in America, with no obvious explanation.
Note that a couple of moths from Kerguelen Island alone have lost their wings in both sexes. They are only micros, but are believed to belong to at least two families winged in other parts of the world.
The production of diffraction colors seems somewhat misstated or at least will be almost certainly misunderstood; for the bright structural colors, such as the blues and the green Foresters, are produced not by the minute striation, but by piles of thin superimposed plates; the striation colors are never conspicuous, and usually overlooked. They can be seen however in some species by illuminating a specimen with a narrow beam of light, such as a ray of sunlight, in a dark place. It is easily distinguished by the fact the color changes with a small change of angle, while the thin-plate type remains about the same unless actually glancing viewing and illumination are used.
As to killing, I understand that conditions are quite different in England, where it is traditionally hard to get cyanide, but I find it safe even with such very delicate greens as our Dichorda iridaria, while ammonia kills erratically and changes many other colors.
The Colias "blue" mutant is called bright blue; in fact it is merely blue-green, rather than the usual grass-green. My impression is that there is merely a failure to deposit carotin-type pigments.
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in fairly natural condition, and you will probably want to stop here to ok for Papilio aristodemus ponceanus. Don't worry about Klots' admonition n conservation too much. You will probably be happy if you SEE even ne specimen. Brephidium pseudofea is common in the salt flats on both pper and Lower Matecumbe, and many other things will be found on idens and other flowers. Danaus eresimus is a rarity which should be looked or on the Keys. Marston Bates suggests that the way to find it is to apture every Danaus gilippus-llke butterfly possible and examine them careully before letting them go. (June-July, good.)
KEY VACA: Key Vaca in the Middle Keys is now so built up that
ollecting places are becoming scarce. Recent clearings are productive if
hey can be found. Metamorpha stelenes is occasionally found, probably as
stray from the Bahamas. Eurema daira palmira occurs on Key Vaca, and
he true elathea may also turn up someday. (July-August, good.)
BIG PINE KEY: Big Pine, the largest of the Lower Keys, is my favore collecting place, but it is not particularly enticing to the lepidopterist. he peculiar pinelands are productive of some interesting things, however, nd Bahaman and West Indian species may be expected. The island formerly ad several well-developed hammock systems, but these have been all but estroyed by recurrent fires. Little Pine Key, which can only be reached by oat, probably shows the conditions which formerly prevailed on Big Pine, No Name, and the other large keys. It is so densely grown up with palms, ammock, and other plants that it is all but impossible to walk across it, he wonderful cactus growths along the southern point of Big Pine are inresting, and the beach hammock association here might harbor unsuspected rizes. (June-July, good; August-September, fair.)
KEY WEST: Key West itself is not very good for collecting since there
practically no open ground, but just to the north the botanical garden and
dges of the golf course on Stock Island are good to fair. There is also a
ew road which runs across the outer edge of Boca Chica, the Saddlebunch
eys, and Sugarloaf where hammock, salt marsh, and other conditions may
e encountered. A number of rare strays have been recorded from Key West
nd vicinity, but in general the collecting is inferior to that to be found farther
orth. Papilio aristodemus ponceanus has been recorded from Key West,
fact the late Austin Clark informed me that John W. Cadbury, 3rd,
hecked the specimen in the Philadelphia Academy, and it proves to be the
pecimen figured by Holland (PL LXX) and labelled "Papilio ponceanus
chaus, typical from Miami, Florida." If there were not a specimen in the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, collected in Coconut Grove by
. B. Fairchild and his sister, this in my mind would throw doubt on the
ccurrence of ponceanus on the mainland. (June-July, good; September, fair.)
On returning to Miami, you may want to go north by way of U. S. ighway 1. Most of the area along this road is urbanized, but collecting aces can be reached by turning off either to the east or west
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for teaching or museum purposes, but most collectors, like the writer, d not qualify.
The hammock has many fine "jungle trails" along which species simila to those noted for Brickell Hammock can be found. Among the rarities t look for is Dicethria clymena, the "88" butterfly, collected there in 1944 b P. G. Howes. This is probably the only authentic record for this specie in the United States. Another interesting species is Eurema nisa perimed (determined by W. D. Field) which was collected in the hammock by Mr C. N. Grimshawe in December, 1946. It closely resembles neda, but diffe in lacking the black border of the hind wing, the border being replaced b small black spots at the juncture of the veins with the margin. (March-Augus fair to excellent.)
LONG PINE KEY: At the western edge of Royal Palm Hammock, rock road turns northwest and leads onto Long Pine Key. This was one o the Everglades Keys which were islands before the drainage of the Eve glades. Most of the area along the road is outside the park, and hammoc edges, pinelands, and deep marshy sloughs are possible collecting places. was in the pinelands on this island that Eumceus atala florida was last foun about 1935. Euptychia areolata is often abundant in the damper pineland and Limenitis archippus jloridensis is nearly always abundant. Syntomeid ipomoea may also be found at flowers of the Buttonbush along the edges o the marl prairies. (January, fair; June-July, excellent; November-Decembe poor.)
CAPE SABLE REGION: Returning toward Royal Palm Hammock, th southwest fork of the road leads to Cape Sable. All of the Cape is now within the park. Collecting on the salty marl prairie near Flamingo used t be very good. Brephidium pseuofea, Precis lavinia zonalis, and many othe butterflies and skippers are abundant. I have seen literally clouds of Asci monuste over the prairie, and P. I. zonalis guards its little territory as jealousl as does our familiar coenia. (June-July, good.)
KEY LARGO: In order to continue on to the Florida Keys, you wi have to return to Florida City and follow U. S. 1. The first large island about 21 miles southeast of Florida City, is Key Largo. There is generall good collecting almost anywhere along the road here, but I suggest that yo get away from the traffic by turning north on the old highway and going t the north end of the island. The roadsides through the great Key Larg hammock probably offer the richest collecting place for Lepidoptera in Florid Dry as julia nudeola (March-June?) is one species which you should find i abundance. Composia fidellisima vagrans sometimes almost swarms alon with other day-flying moths. Many West Indian skippers and other butter flies have been recorded only from this area in Florida. (March-July, fa to excellent; August, fair; September-February, poor to good.)
UPPER AND LOWER MATECUMBE KEY: Going on down U. S. you will cross a series of keys. Most of them are labelled by roadsigns s
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Dondale, C. D., "Biology of Agathis laticinctus (Cress.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasite of the Eye-Spotted Bud Moth, in Nova Scotia." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.40-44, 6 figs. 29 Jan. 1954. Describes larvae, life-cycle, and habits, and lists several predators and hyperparasites. [E.M.]
Doutt, Richard L., "The teratoid larva of polyembryonic Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)." Canad. Ent., vol.84: pp.247-250. 29 Aug. 1952. The asexual larvae of Copidosoma spp., parasites of Plusia larvae, are discussed. [E.M.]
Graham, Violet E., "Notes on the life histories of some butterflies of B. G." Timehri, no.33: pp. 17-22, 2 pis. Oct. 1954. More or less extensive notes on British Guiana Lepidoptera: Papilio anchisiades (lime), "Catopsilia" eubule, "C." philea, "C." statira {Cassia spp.), "C." argante {Pithecolobium), Pieris monuste {Cleome, Gynan-dropsis), "Dione" vanitlce (Passiflora), Anartia jatrophce (Ruellia), Hemiargus za-chceina (Vigna luteola), Thecla sp. (Cordyia cylindrostachya), Helicopus cupido {Montrichardia), Eudamus dor antes {Desmodium), Mcenas laboulberi (sic!) (Cabomba & other water weeds, feeding beneath the surface) (foodplants in parentheses). [P.B.]
Harcourt, D. G., "A species of Tetrastichus new to North America." Canad. Ent., vol.85: p.251. 23 July 1953. Records T. sokolowskii, a hymenopterous parasite of Plutella maculipennis, previously known from Russia and southern India. [E.M.]
Harris, Lucien, Jr., "An account of the unusual life history of a rare yucca skipper (Megathymidae)." Lepid. News, vol.8: pp.153-162, 3 pis. 7 Jan. 1955.
Henson, W. R., R. W. Stark, & W. G." Wellington, "Effects of the weather of the coldest month on winter mortality of the lodgepole needls miner, Recurvaria sp., in Banff National Park." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.13-19, 1 fig. 29 Jan. 1954. Notes correlation of zones of extremely low temperature with zones of high winter mortality. In general, in the Bow valley, regions of extremely low temperature are at high or low elevations, middle altitudes tending to have more moderate temperatures and to act as centres of reinfestation after periods of severe winter kill. [E.M.]
Jovancevic, M., "Pine caterpillar {Cnethocampa pityocampa) found on strawberry trees {Arbutus unedo)" [in Serbian]. Sumarski List, vol.77: pp.414-426. Sept./Oct. 1953. [Not seen J.
Kasy, Fritz, "Phytometra {Plusia) zosimi Hbn.: iiber die ersten Stande, Biologie und Zuchtergebnisse" [in German]. Zeits. Wiener Ent. Ges., vol.38: pp.321-333- 15 Dec. 1953. Immature stages, biology, and feeding experiments. LN.O.]
Kurir, A., "Vergrosserung der Zahl dere Raupenstadien und Verlangerung des Raupen-lebens durch die Nahrung" [in German]. Bodenkultur, vol.6: pp.355-382. 1952. [Not seen].
Leclercq, J. & M., "Sur Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. (Lep. Lymantriidae). Parasites - cas d'urtication" [in French]. Lambillionea, vol.54: pp.53-55. 25 Aug. 1954. On the parasites of E. chrysorrhoea and indication of a case of skin rash cured by the anti-histaminic substances. [P.V.]
Lindsay, I. S., "Influence of temperature on embryonic development of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr. (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.557-561, 2 figs. 7 Jan. 1955. Developmental rates at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30°C. are plotted. A morphological key to stages of development is presented. Development is not completed at 5° or 35°. [E.M.]
McGuffin, W. C, "Description of larvae of forest insects: Syngrapha, Autographa (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.36-39, 6 figs. 29 Jan. 1954. Describes and distinguishes last-instar larvae of S. selecta, S. alias, S. epigcea, and A. ampla. [E.M.]
McGuffin, W. C, "Notes on life histories of some Ennominae (Lepidoptera, Geo-metridae)." Canad. Ent., vol.87: pp.41-44. 28 Jan. 1955. Gives brief notes on Semiothisa granitata, S. sexmaculata, Eufidonia discospilata, Melanolophia canadaria, Camp&a perlata, Selenia alciphearia, and Caripeta divisata. [E.M.]
McGugan, Blair M., "Needle-mining habits and larval instars of the spruce budworm." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.439-454, 4 figs. 5 Nov. 1954. Needle-mining is established as a regular activity of the young Choristoneura fumiferana larva; details of the habit are discussed. Six larval instars are demonstrated by use of head-capsule statistics. Criteria for recognition of instars are discussed. By using a combination of characters, the instars can be distinguished with reasonable accuracy. [E.M.]
MacKay, Margaret R., "The larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.85: pp.128-133, 14 figs. 15 May 1953. Describes, figures, and compares larvae of the two spp. [E.M.]
MacKay, Margaret Rae, "The last-instar larva of Epinotia medioviridana (Kft.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.85: pp.404-407, 14 figs. 4 Dec. 1953. Describes larva reared on Rubus odoratus. [E.M.]
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Recent Literature on Lepidoptera
Vol.9: no.6
MacKay, Margaret Rae, "The egg and larva of Coryphista meadi atlantica Munroe (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)." Canad. Ent. vol.86: pp.284-288, 25 figs. 10 June 1954. Describes and figures larva of C. meadi atlantica on the basis of material from Ottawa, Canada. [E.M.]
McLeod, J. ri., "Notes on the lodgepole needle miner, Recurvaria milleri Busck (Lepidoptera: Geometridse), and its parasites in western North America." Canad. Ent., vol.83: pp.295-301, 1 Hg. 16 Nov. 1951. Notes on the distribution, life-cycle, and abundance of population identified as R. milleri. A number of species of parasites are recorded, and the relative abundance of some of them is discussed. [E.M.]
MacPhee, A. W., "The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. V. The predacious thrips Haplothrips faurei Hood." Canad. Ent., vol. 85: pp.33-40. Discusses ecology and life history of H. faurei, including its role as an egg-predator of Spilonota ocellana and Carpocapsa pomonella. [E.M.]
Milianovskii, E. S., & P. I. Mitrofanov, "Phassus schamyl as a new pest of grape cultivation in Abkhaz" [in Russian]. Ent. Obozrenie, vol.32: pp.82-85. 1952. [Not seen].
Miller, C. D. F., "Note on Ancistrocerus parietum (Linnaeus) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)." Canad. Ent., vol.86: pp.197-198, 4 figs. 9 July 1954. A nest was provisioned with 5 tortricid larvae. [E.M.]
Moucha, Josef, & Daiibor Weiss, "Zur Lebensweise von Clostera (Pygcera) anastomosis L." [in German]. Nachrbl. Bayer. Ent., vol.3: pp.68-69. 15 July 1954. Discusses biology. [N.O.]
Paclt, J., "Systematisches Verzeichnis der in Mittleuropa als Forstschadlinge auftre-tende Schmetterlinge" [in German]. Beitr. Ent., vol.3: p.1-29. 1953. Lists Central European moths feeding as larvae on forest plants. [N.O.]
Phillips, C. M., Gordon E. Bucher, & June M. Stephens, "Note on preliminary field trials of a bacterium to control the codling moth." Canad. Ent., vol.85: p.8. 30 Jan. 1953- Bacillus cereus as a pathogen of Carpocapsa pomonella. [E.M.]
Pinker, Rudolf, "Erfahrungen mit Gnophos operaria hoefneri Rbl." Xeits. Wiener Ent. Ges.. vol.38: pp.152-154, 2 figs. 15 June 1953. Biology, description of the larva.
[N.6.]
Pollard, D. G, "The occurrence of Amsacta moloneyi Druce on cotton in the Sudan (Lepid. Arctiidae)." Rev. Zool. Bot. Afric, vol.49: pp.265-272, 1 fig. 14 Aug. 1954. Description of the larva of A. moloneyi, with chaetotaxy; records and observations in the Sudan. [P.V.]
A CORRECTION
Mr. E. L. Bell of New York has drawn my attention to a very serious mistake in my recently published Catalogue of the American Hesperiidce, Volume 4. I have placed the name otho Abbot & Smith as a synonym of Polites coras Cramer and replaced it in the genus Wallengrenia by pustula Geyer as a subspecies of druryi Latreille. I checked up and found I had entered on my card for otho that "the upper figure on Abbot and Smith's plate was to be taken as the type and that it represented coras", dated 4th November, 1941. I cannot understand how I came to make this utterly incorrect decision. I can of course think of the further checks I ought to have made. But it is no good crying over spilt milk, and I would ask all possessors of the book to eliminate otho as a synonym of coras; to place otho as a specific name in place of druryi and as a subspecific name in place of pustula, which name becomes a synonym of otho; to alter in the index the reference number for otho. In a book of this nature there are certain to be a number of additions and amendments, which can be announced in due course, but in respect of this major blunder I feel that immediate action is needed.
W. H. Evans Honorary Associate, British Museum (Natural History)
1955
The Lepidopterists' News
219
NOTICES
Would like to exchange Japanese butterflies for those from anywhere in the world. Correspondence invited. Yoshiharu Jingo, 1478 Nippori-3, Arakawaku, Tokyo, JAPAN.
Boloria distincta Gibson, Erebia youngi herscheli, etc., from Yukon, N.W.T. border, for sale. Colin Wyatt, Cobbetts, Farnham, Surrey, ENGLAND.
Wanted: Papered Rhopalocera, esp. Nymphalidae and Pieridae (Colias) from all parts of North America, esp. mountains. Material from foreign countries also desired. Will exchange for the above species from the Formosan Central Mts., Europe, and Wisconsin. Exchange list on request. Donald L. Baber, 1511 Drake Ave., Burlingame, Calif., U.S.A.
I need urgently the following for study: adult specimens, pinned or papered, with full data, of all species, subspecies, and forms of North American Limenitis. Also need living pupae of the above. Will purchase or exchange extremely limited stock of District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland butterflies; will have many more specimens for exchange this summer. Ward Watt, 1206 Parker Ave., Hyattsville, Md., U.S.A.
For sale: CEneis, Erebia, Colias, and Boloria from far Northern Canada at reasonable prices. R. J. Fitch, 2235 Pandora St., Vancouver, B.C., CANADA.
For sale: Barnes, McDunnough, and others: Contributions to the Natural History of the Lepidoptera of North America: Vols. 1-4, half leather; Vol.5, paper covers. Excellent condition. Inquiries to Prof. B. Hocking, Dept. of Entomology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Atla., CANADA.
For sale: 1955-56 ex larva, carefully papered adults of Triodes (— Ornithoptera) urvilliana, victoria; Papilio woodfordi, rhadamantus; Attacus atlas lorquini. Max Richter, Butterfly Farm, East Durham, N.Y., U.S.A.
Have several thousand European butterflies and moths, papered, named, with full data, about 300 different species, for exchange against butterflies from the Americas, Asia, Australia or Africa. Will help build up representative coll. of European Lepidoptera. T. W. Langer, Royal Library, Copenhagen, DENMARK.
Needed urgently for study: all species and subspecies of North American Polygonia. Will offer in exchange New England Rhopalocera in quantity, and a limited amount of material from Florida and Colorado. IMPORTANT: Only the abdomens of Polygonia need be in A-l condition. Other North American Rhopalocera will be acepted in exchanges. Richard S. Smith, Delta Sigma, Wesleyan Station, Middletown, Conn., U. S. A.
Wanted: living noctuid pupae for forced emergence during winter months 1955-56. Any species acceptable, but Northern Army Worm (P. unipuncta) and Spotted Cutworm (G. c-nigrum) preferred. A. E. Treat, The City College of New York, New York 31, N. Y., U. S. A.
Alaskan butterflies for sale: Parnassius eversmanni $ A $5.00, $ B $4.00; Papilio mach-aon aliaska $ A $4.00, $ B $2.75; CEneis jutta alaskensis $ A $3.00, $ B $2.00, 9 A $4.00, °. B $3.00. "B" specimens have small nicks or tails missing. All specimens have complete data including altitude. Will consider exchange for desired Nearctic Erebia (Arctic material only). P. R. Ehrlich, Dept. of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, U. S. A.
EMPLOYMENT NEEDED
An expert preparator and breeder of Lepidoptera is seeking an entomological position. He has also had many years' experience in Europe as manager of a plant protection experiment station. Interested persons please write: Mr. George Pronin, 516 Cole Street, San Francisco 17, Calif., U.S.A.