The text below is grayed out because it is not intended to be read. It is a necessarily imperfect OCR of the original and is only used by a search engine.
1953
The Lepidopterists' News
45
ABERRANT FEEDERS AMONG JAPANESE LYCAENID LARVAE
by Tar6 Iwase
In Japan, there are about 58 Lycaenidae. Almost all are known to be phytophagous and many are myrmecophilous at the same time. Among them two species of Maculinea, M. euphemus and M. arionides, are phyto-predaceous exactly like M. arion of Europe, and the third one, Niphanda jusca, is fed by a kind of ant with the excretion of aphids, a facsimile of the Ethiopian Lachnochnema bibulus (subfamily Lachnocneminae of HiNTON, 1951). At the same time, the homopterophagous habit has been known for Taraka hamada, like the Nearctic Veniseca tarquinius, Indo-Australian Spalgis epius, and Ethiopian Spalgis lemolea (subfamily Gerydinae and/or Spalginae of various authors). Recently, a thecline larva, Thecla jonasi, was quite unexpectedly and unprecedently found as aphidivorous. As a result, we know five aberrant feeders among Japanese lycaenid larvae at present.
The sixth, if any, and probably the last, aberrant feeder of our lycaenids may be Spindasis takanonis, of which the younger stages have been only partially studied.
1. Maculinea euphemus Hiibner [Group II of Balduf (1938) or also group II of HiNTON (1951) ]. The phyto-predaceous habit of this European form was observed by Dr. T. A. Chapman in 1919- This habit has been confirmed in Japan on two local races: kazamoto Druce (in central Honshu) and shiriyensis Matsumura (in northern Honshu). The larva feeds at first on flowers of burnet (Sanguisorba) and then on ant-grubs of Myrmica.
2. Maculinea arionides Staudinger. This nearest ally to M. arion was supposed at first by Dr. Chapman to be phyto-predaceous and cited as such by Clark (1926). Recently, the habit was confirmed by a junior high school student by the name of SOTA HlHAGA, on subsp.. takamukui Matsumura. The larva feeds at first on flowers of Plectranthus exisus Maxim. (Labiatae) and then on ant-grubs of (probably) Myrmica.
3. Niphanda jusca shijima Fruhstorfer [a new corollary to group VI of Balduf, or group IV of Hinton]. The remarkable ant-friend habit of this larva was first observed by F. Nagayama in the course of 1948-9 (Lep. News 6: p. 43). This species is excretophagous-glanduliferous and quite similar in habit to the African Lachocnema bibulus as studied by Cripps AND Jackson (1940). The larvae are fed orally by the host-ants Camponotus herculeanus japonicus Myr. by the latter's disgorging of liquid foods, in and after the third instar in ant-runs, where they hibernate and pupate. Niphanda larvae feed directly on the excretion of dwarf-oak aphids, Greenidea kuwanai Pergande, in their first two instars. The difference between Niphanda and Lachnocnema lies only in that the former is related with Eriosomatidae (Homoptera), while the latter is so with Membracidae (also Homoptera). Fine photographs on the symbiosis were taken by S. Tamura, with the aid of T. Ishizawa who had also assisted Mr. NAGAYAMA in latter's original research. They are published in Tamura's "Closeups of Insects" (1951).
4. Taraka hamada Druce [amyrmecophilous-homopterophagous: group III-A of Balduf or group III-A-1 of HiNTON]. The aphidivorous habit of this larva was published by T. TSUCHIDA as early as 1898 in Dobustugaku Zasshi (the Zoological Magazine 10:358-), but has not been referred to in
46
IWASE: Aberrant Larvae of Japan
Vol.7, no.2
any literature written in European languages. Seitz, in Gross-Schmetter-linge der Erde I. (1909), suspected this genus to be placed near Spalgis or Gerydus, but he remarked "Wohin sie tatsachlich gehort, wird erst die Ent-wicklungsgeschichte aufklaren" (S. 323). In short its habit resembles very much to that of Vents ecu tarquinius and only differs in that the Taraka larvae prey upon the bamboo-aphid, Oregma japonica Takahashi, while Feniseca larvae feed on alder-aphids etc. The pupae as well as larvae are also not unlike those of Feniseca. There is a less-known episode concerning these two distantly located aphidivores. Mr. Tsuchida got some hints from Dr. ALBERT KOEBELE, the famous American expert on biological control of insect pests, who en route to Australia visited Japan in 1894-5 and told Mr. Tsuchida the fascinating story about the discovery of Feniseca's habit in 1886. 5. Thecla (Shirozua) jonasi Janson [the feeding habit of this larva can be placed under group III-B of Balduf or group III-A-2 of Hinton, but the taxonomic position is quite remote from the hitherto known members of these groups such as Gerydus spp., and quite unique among the broad genus Thecla (old Zephyrus), the members of which are all phytophagous in the strict sense, so far as I know]. The aphidivorous habit was first discovered in 1951 by Masasuke Inoue, who took an excellent photograph of the scene and displayed it in Shin Konchu, vol. 5 (1952). The larva I examined has specialized mouthparts and highly developed claws on the prothoracic legs. It has neither a slit-like honey gland nor a pair of retractile tubercles. It, however, has rows of stout club-like bristles on the back of the prothorax • and 7th and 8th abdominal segments, and a pair of long tufted hairs on the front edge of the prothorax. Fringes around the body also have long hairs. Eggs are laid among the aphids on dwarf-oaks, and pupae are found in ant-runs. All the above species are single brooded, except Taraka which has several broods in a year. They hibernate in the larval stage with the exception of Thecla, which winters as the egg.
References Balduf, W. V., 1938. The Rise of Entomophagy among Lepidoptera. Amer. Naturalist
72: 358-379. Clark, A. H., 1926. Carnivorous Butterflies. Smith. Inst. Rpt. 1925 : 439-508. Cripps, C, & Jackson, T. H. E., 1940. The life-history of Lachnocnema bibulus (Fab.)
in Kenya. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London 90 : 449-453. Hinton, H. E., 1951. Myrmecophilous Lycaenidae and Other Lepidoptera-A Summary.
Proc. So. Lond. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1949-50 : 111-175.
Appendix. Entomophagous Moths in Japan
1. Epipomponia nawai Dyar: on Tanna japonensis Distant, Oncotympana maculaticollis Motsch., Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata Motsch., and Meimura opalifera Walker (all Cicadidae).
2. Epiricania hagoromo Kato: on Ricania japonica Melichar (Ricaniidae), Euricania ocellus fascialis Walker (Ricaniidae), Dictyophara patruellis Stal (Dictyopharidae), and Oliarus subnubilis Uhler (Cixidae).
3- Oedematopoda igniptica Butler: on Oregma japonica Takahashi (Eriosomatidae) on bamboo and allied planus.
4. Oedematopoda semirubra Meyrick: on bamboo woolly aphids.
5. Pyralis regalis Schiff. & Denis: on Vespa mandarina Smith (Vespidae).
6. Hypsopygia regina Butler: on Polistes japonicus Saussure (Vespidae).
7. Hypsopygia mauritalis Bdv.: on Polistes japonicus jadtvigae Dalla Torre.
343 Komachi Kamakura, Kanagawa-Ken, JAPAN