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The Lepidopterists' News

THE MONTHLY PERIODICAL OF THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' SOCIETY

c/o Osborn Zoological Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven 11, Connecticut, U. S. A.

Editor - C. L. Remington • Assoc. Editor - J. E. Remington

Volume III

November-December 1949

Numbers 8-9

THE FIELD SEASON SUMMARY OF NORTH AMERICAN LEPIDOPTERA FOR 19-49

The summary for the 1949 season is the most interesting compiled thus far, for several reasons. First, this was a year of great migrations. Second, the effects from the severe blizzards of the past winter could be examined to some degree. Third, an unparalleled summer drought in the northeastern region permitted an analysis of the early results of such a climatic condition. Finally, the reports prepared by individuals in the field totaled many more than ever before; 77 such reports, added to the observations of the 9 Area coordinators, give a significantly extensive coverage of North American field conditions. The progression of reports for the three years was: 1947 - 49(+5); 1948 - 54(+8); 1949 - 77 (+9). More important than the improved numbers this year is the frequent presence of comparisons with other seasons.

1. MIGRATIONS

One of the largest-scale migrations of Vanessa cardui in the memory of living collectors characterized 1949. Sugden, Woodbury, and Gillette (1947) reported 1930, 1931, 1935, 1941, and 1945 as years of migration in Utah. Williams (1930) showed the early years of tremendous flights to have been 1865 and 1884 in the East and 1884, 1901, 1914, and 1924 in the West. If a periodicity exists, it is not readily seen in these data. However, there has certainly never before been reporting as extensive as that in the following summaries, and this accurate gauge may begin to show some form when a few more of these annual summaries have appeared. In 1949 great flights of V. cardui were seen in California, Utah, Colorado, Ontario, and northern Quebec. Very unusual abundance but no obvious migrations were reported for New Mexico, Washington, British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Missouri, Ohio, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine, Quebec, and Newfoundland. Only in the southeastern States was there no great increase in numbers. A particularly remarkable phenomenon was the heavy southward flight of V. cardui in southern Ontario, reported by Henson.

This was a year of great abundance for Celerio lineata in California, and rather large numbers appeared in many western localities. Phlegethontlus sextus in Illinois and P. 5-maculatus in Quebec were far more numerous than usual. Large migrating flights of Danaus plexippus were seen in Illinois, Michigan, Maryland, and Virginia, and of Phoebis sennae in Maryland and Alabama. This year no migratory activity was reported for Libytheana bachmanii. Nvmphalis califomica. or Neoohasia menajgia.

2. EXTREME WEATHER

Neither the blizzards which raged over the Northwest, the Great Basin, and the Great Plains last winter nor the record-breaking drought which worried the Northeast had any very noticeable effects on the Lepidoptera. The few allusions to deleterious results of these weather events seem to the writer to indicate involuntary attempts to see effects, merely because one would expect them. Possibly some definite results of the drought in the East will be apparent during the 1950 season.

Map of Season Summary Zones

The 1949 season in the Southwest was apparently poor; however, the reporting was so scanty (weakest response 5p the three years) that the situation is obscure except for the southern California coast and the Santa Rita Mts. All other Areas had their best response this year and all reported rather average conditions. The coverage for the Central and Northeast was excellent, and for the southern part of the Rocky Mts. it was very good. States entirely absent this year were Idaho, Montana, the Dakotas, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, West Virginia, Delaware, and Rhode Island. Reports from Canada were few but came from every Province (except P.E.I.).

C.L. Remington

1. SOUTHWEST- CALIFORNIA, ARIZONA, NEVADA

Vol.III, nos.8-9

by B.H. Weber, Burbank, California and Lloyd M. Martin, Los Angeles, California

CALIFORNIA

The 1949 year was another of our unseasonal ones in southern California. In the late fall of 1948 there were early rains followed by a hard freeze, as low as 19° F. in the San Fernando Valley, Then, of all things, SNCW from the Pacific Ocean east to the desert. All elevations above 5,000 feet had snow until April. This led us to believe that a good spring season was due. However, on the desert a drying wind developed and this, combined with a lack of the usual spring rains, ruined the spring collecting in the coastal areas from Santa Ana in the south to Santa Barbara in the north and from Santa Monica in the west to the Mojave in the east. All the best collecting was done in the outlying areas. The summer collecting was generally poor. The season was delayed from one to three weeks in the high elevations and from no lag to one week in the low areas. This was one year when you had to be in the exact area at a specific time to get good collecting. This required weekly excursions and diligent searching; the butterflies were out in good numbers when one found them, but the finding was the hard part.

SAN DIEGO REGION. Thome's report for this area Is so thorough that it is given here almost unmodified. In spite of an unusually cold winter, the 1949 season was not much later than normal. Euphydryas edltha was abundant by March 10, which corresponds with previous peak records from March 9 to 18. In exceptional years it flies in February. Philotes sonorensis flew in March, somewhat later than normal. Worn females were still on the wing March 30 in coastal areas. E. chalcedona appeared on April 10, about normal. Speyeria coronis males were taken June 19 in the Lagunas, about average. Normal rainfall more than offset the effects of cold and most nymphalids were well above average in abundance. Sample counts of larvae on Plantago in a good colony of E. editha on February 16 at Otay showed 28 and 29 on two measured square yards. This would represent a population as high as 14.0,000 larvae per acre,but, of course, the caterpillars were not continuous over such an area. Over 1000 eggs of Euphydryas chalcedona (very conservative estimate) were taken from a single Scrophularia californica plant on May 22. Larvae of Chlosyne californica were present by the hundreds on June 15. Melitaea leanira was the most abundant I have ever seen it here. They appeared May 7, then again June 18, indicating a double brood. During the emergence period of Speyeria callippe. we had 0.80 inches of rain which came as a drizzle for a whole week. This had no effect on the emergence. Nathaiis iole, relatively rare here, was seen from one end of the county to the other and was numerous on June 15• Lycaenids were below normal, especially the Theclini, although Tharsalea hemes was as abundant as it was in the early 1930s. A single egg of this species hatched on March 16 under field conditions; mature larvae were found May 24. Phoebis sennae was the only species adversely affected by the cold winter. Agraulls vanillae was still on the wing December 6.

Briefly summarized, the winter was unusually cold but emergences were delayed only a few days.

There were practically no adverse effects from temperatures below freezing. Normal rainfall encouraged most Nymphalidae and Papilionoidea, but Lycaen-idae and Hesperiidae were below normal.

MOJAVE, COLORADO, AND BQRREG0 DESERT REGION. In general these outlying areas were above normal due to the heavy snowfall and rain early in the season, in the vicinity of Palm Springs and Twenty-Nine Palms. Thorne wrote: "Due to unusual rains in the desert, one of the best wild flower displays in years occurred. Vanessa cardui and Celerio llneata larvae appeared in immense numbers and cardui adults to the extent of 2 or 3 thousand were seen on one patch of damp sand at Little Borrego on April 12. This was not a migration, since they were breeding there. Later on, these may have migrated, since every shady spot that afternoon had 20 or 30 Painted Ladies and pressure of population must have been terrific." Near Palmdale and Little Rock, the Mojave suffered from the dry winds and was almost sterile by collecting standards. In early April Parker found Apodemia mormo, Callophrys dumetorum, and Vanessa cardui abundant, but the many other usual species were far below normal. Whitman took Chlosyne lacinla in the Borrego and Friday took numbers °^ Melitaea chara in the Palm Springs area in March. All over the desert areas Vanessa cardui were swarming. Nathalis iole and Eurema nicippe were very common. Weber took great numbers of Anthocharis ce-thura. Pieri8 slsymbrli. and Papilio rudkini in the Twenty-Nine Palms area in mid-March. A. cethura was common in the Providence Mountains just north of Essex near the Nevada line, as was rudkini in mid-April, three weeks later than usual. Euchloe creusa was scarce in comparison with 1948. Evans and Parker found Philotes sonorensis much more abundant at Azusa than in 1948. Miller noted incredible numbers °f Collas eurytheme near Blyth September 18.

SOUTH-CENTRAL COASTAL REGION. May and early June were cloudy and rainy in the Santa Barbara to Santa Cruz areas, but the author found two new colonies of Speyeria eglels near King City; Zerene eury-dlce was common here at that time. A few of the rare Papilio indra pergamus were taken in the Banning area in late June and in May on the Mt. Wilson road, where they were feeding on roadside thistle. Parker reported Euphydryas chalcedona. Strymon sae-piunu Plebelus acmon, Papilio rutulus. and P. eury-medon extremely numerous in the Malibu Hills June 5; at the same time he found Tharsalea arota, Limenitis bredowii, Speyeria callippe. Melitaea leanira. M. gabbiif Phyciodes mylitta. and Anthocharis sara numerous as usual. In Los Angeles S>. saepium. S. adeno-stomatis. S. melinus, A. mormo. Lycaenopsis pseudar-giolus, and Ochlodes nemorum were common in June. On the Ridge Route T. arota. P. acmon. P. melissa. Minols silvestris. S. callippe. and S, coronis were numerous. But at 70001, in the San Bernardino Mts., August 10, butterflies were below average numbers, only Zerene eurydlce appearing in fair abundance.

No reports were received from the central valleys, the San Francisco region, the High Sierras, or northern California.

Nov.-Dec. 194-9

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS* NEWS

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY 1. SOUTHWEST - cont.

NEVADA

Speyeria coronis (all dlf) was Just emerging on Mt. Charleston on July 4« Papilio rutulus was common, as were Plebelus lcarloldes and Coenonympha ochracea. Limenitls weidemeyerii nevadae was in much better condition than at the same time in 194.8 indicating that they were slightly later this year,

ARIZONA

The early July rains in southern Arizona brought excellent results for the collectors from southern California who ventured into the old collecting territory of several early entomologists.

On July 2 the Prestons and Weber found the Flagstaff area very wet; there was good collecting in Oak Canyon between the showers. Speyeria atlantis was rare at this time, although the conditions indicated its season was ending. Minols alope was common in an apple orchard. The rainy season was three weeks early this year and started June 26.

The White Mountains were almost duds this year. Not a Speyeria was seen July 6, but Coenonympha och-racea and Collas alexandra were common at this time.

Both butterflies and moths were out in numbers by July 30. Krlcogonia lyslde was very plentiful, feeding upon Mesqulte blossoms from Covered Wells to the Baboquavari Mts. In Elkhora Ranch Canyon on the east side of the Baboquavaris, Papilio cresphon-tes was seen in numbers, as were P. phllenor* Eurema mexlcana. E. bolsduvaliana. Danaus berenice, Astero-cam pa celtis, A. leilia, A. clyton. Au.vrrothrlx ar-axes, and Antigonus pulverulenta. One $ Papilio ly-cophron pallas was caught, the second record of this species in the United States (Freeman recorded one from Brownsville, Texas). Three o^f were seen but were impossible to get; they resemble phllenor in flight and were flying very high.

From August 13 to 28, in Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., the moths and butterflies were out in

good numbers. Re id took a Megathymus ursus and a Xylophanes falco along with many other rare species. Ford took Papilio multicaudata. P. phllenorf Eurema gundlachia, E. proterpla* E. nicippef E. boisduval-iana, Mestra amymone. Melltaea thekla. Limenitls astyanaxf L. archlppusf L. bredowli, Vanessa cardulP Llbytheana bachmanll. Chioides albofasdatus. Urban-us dorantesf At1ides halesus. Strymon columella, and several others. Dickson also took a Hellconius cha-rithonla. Gyrochellus trltonla was very common the first week in September. The moths in Madera Canyon were not as plentiful as in seasons past. However, many good things were taken. Syntomelda hampsonllf Bertholdla trigona. Antaplaga comstocki, and Mlraca-vera brlllians were taken sparingly, whereas Lrthro-des radiatus, Chrysoecla scira. Grotella soror, and 2* blnda were commoner than before. Several wings of Eacles imjerlalis were found in a mine tunnel where bats had brought the moths to feed upon them. No imperlalls have been taken in the past.

The collecting season had been about two weeks early, due to the rains that started in the first week of July and continued to August 11. During a two weeks' stay we had only one good rain, of about 0.75 inch in 15 minutes at 6,000 ft. elevation. In early September the rains started again and continued through the month. Thome found the Canyon poor Oct.17-21, a rainstorm on the 16th apparently terminating the season abruptly.

In these desert islands (as we call these mountain ranges that are surrounded by desert) many plants occur that are of a tropical nature, and are kept alive by the heavy summer rains. This in turn produces a vast amount of insects that emerge during or just at the close of the rains. So far, from this one canyon alone we have recorded over 100 species of butterflies and close to 600 species of moths, with many hundreds of species of moths yet to mount and determine.

Around Yuma., March 19-20, only Vanessa cardul and Pleris protodice were found.

Contributors: J.L. Creelman; W.H. Evans; R.J. Ford; G.F. Miller; D.E. Parker; F.T. Thorne.

2. NORTHWEST- OREGON, WASHINGTON, IDAHO, BRITISH COLUMBIA

by John C. Hopfinger I Brewster, Washington J

OREGON

From Oregon we have the detailed report of Prof. Macy, of Portland. "There was a cold winter in Oregon which froze petunias and geraniums which stay out without injury in the Willamette valley some years. There was some snow. It appeared that a late spring was in the making and early growth was retarded but a very warm two weeks at the end of February and favorable weather later produced emergence of late spring species as much as three weeks early. Toads bred a full month ahead of time in the high Cascade lakes, observed by the writer and

substantiated by the Biologists of the State Game Commission. Altogether the weather was excellent with very moderate amount of rain in the spring, and as usual, almost none in the summer. Not as much cloudiness as usual during the butterfly season."

"Very few Papilio zelicaon were seen, believed to be a reduction in population. P. rutulus and £• eurymedon were in good numbers in mountains of both northern and southern Oregon. In the Siskiyou Mts. of southern Oregon both species were abundant but ragged by the 3rd of July." Parnasslus clodius (late May) and Euchloe sara were in usual abundance

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY

2. NORTHWEST - cont.

Vol.Ill, nos.8-9

In the Cascade Mts. near Portland. Colias eurytheme was very scarce in the Willamette valley as usual. C. chrysomelas in good condition were caught in 2 days of collecting in the mountains of southern Oregon. The first Danaus plexlppus in several years was seen flying slowly about in Willamette valley near McMinnville on May 17; it was worn and dull and may have been an arrival from the south. Another fresh specimen was seen in the same place in mid-July. Coenonympha ampelos was only moderately common in the northwestern Willamette valley. Although it seldom fluctuates much in population, it was down considerably from its peak year of 194-7, when Macy caught about a hundred in four hours collecting. Three worn Oenels nevadensls were taken in the mountains of southern Oregon on July 2 and 3; no others were seen during the year. Speyeria calllppe. fresh in July at elevations of from 4000* to 6000', was locally abundant in eastern Oregon around Bend. S. hydaspe was abundant locally in the mountains of southern Oregon, and some were still fresh July 3 and 4# S. cybele leto was rare; only one was taken in eastern Oregon, and several in the coastal mts.; 3 females were caught in August, as the thistles began to bloom. Boloria epithore was found in abundance in one locality in the coastal mts., in early M^y* just emerging. Euphydryas colon was rather abundant in swampy areas near Cascade Lakes. E. nu-bigena occurred in less numbers than colon at Davis Lake, central Oregon. Melitaea hoffmanni was fairly common at one place in the mountains of southern Oregon at around 4-500'; most were worn by early July. Nymphalis callfomica was scarce; only two were caught in the Cascades, and none were seen elsewhere. One N. milbertl was seen and one fresh N. antiopa was caught in early July. Neither was seen west of the Cascades. Two Vanessa atalanta were seen near McMinnville; none elsewhere. V. cardui was abundant everywhere and was a nuisance in collecting. The larvae were abundant on thistle. The first, worn specimens appeared at McMinnville on May 13 • No adults or larvae of V. carye were seen. As usual, Llmenitis lorqulni was generally not common in northern Oregon. It was found in some numbers In one swamp in the mountains of southern Oregon. Only two Lycaena mariposa were caught, near Black Butte in the Cascades. L. helloldes and L. edltha were fairly common in parts of eastern Oregon. Plebeius anna was locally abundant in swamps in south and eastern Oregon. P. saeplolus was in very moderate abundance. Only a few P. acmon were seen. The former has disappeared from its former haunts in places in the eastern foothills of the coastal mts., perhaps due to heavy sheep grazing. Lvcaenopsis pseud-argiolus and Glaucopsyche lygdamus were abundant in early spring in the mountains. Nothing unusual in skippers was seen.

WASHINGTON

WALLA WALLA REGION. How the weather affected the moth population in southeastern Washington is shown by the report from Cook, of Walla Walla. "The season of 194-9 started with one of the most severe winters on record. The spring was rather late in starting, but most species of phalaenids were about on their usual schedule before June 1. Following the cold winter came an unusually dry spring and

summer, which affected many multi-brooded species.

"Phalaenids more abundant this year than in 1948 included Euxoa olivia, sjsonsa, mess or la. tessellata. atomaris; Agrotls venerabills. Protogygia lagena. Scotogramma trifolli, Platyperlgea ejjctima, Hellothis phloxlphaga and Autographa brass!cae. The Euxoas returned to at least normal abundance following the heavy reduction in 194-8, and the first brood of P. extlma was the heaviest I have captured. These species are all normally abundant in this area, and were not seriously affected by the cold winter or dry summer.

"Phalaenids definitely less abundant than normal included Euxoa septentrlonalis. Feltia ducens, Rhvn-cagrotis exsertistigma. Laclnipolia stricta, L. rec-tilinea. Xylomiges curlalis, Orthosia hibisci, Leu,-canla farcta (of which the summer brood was greatly reduced). Septis cucull1form!s. S. cinefacta. Ollgia indirecta, Stlbadlum spumosumP Hellothis obsoleta, Schlnia sexplaglata. Autographa callfomica and Hv-pena humuli. H. obsolete, the corn earworm, was so nearly exterminated by the winter weather that no control measures were used around Walla Walla, and no reports of infested corn ears were received. Most of the species in this group are of more southern distribution or pass the winter as pupae or adults.

"A point of interest concerns the activities of Vanessa cardui in this area. The spring migration from the south was not particularly noticeable, but the following brood, which developed on Amsinckia in wheat fields, was very abundant, and the marching larvae caused considerable comment. This is not the normal host in this area, but the larvae were confined to this weed, and cleaned it out of many wheat fields. The following brood of butterflies was very abundant."

BREWSTER REGION. The winter of 1948-49 was very severe, with deep snows and temperatures well below zero for weeks at a time. The snow disappeared on the river levels about the middle of March, and the first moths showed up at light on March 19. About the middle of April, right on time, the first butterflies were out. Callophrys sherldani. always scarce, showed in some numbers, 5 being taken the first day out. Several £. affinis, and 2 Papilio zelicaon also were found at that date. Late in April it turned cold, and a hard frost killed tomato plants. May 5f along the Columbia 3 P. indra were seen.

In greater numbers than for many years were: Callophrys affinis; Euchloe ausonldes. Euphydryas ani-cia; Mltoura spinetorum (mid-May); Phyciodes mylitta: and the Catocala spp. About average were: Papilio daunus: Euchloe creusa: Phaedrotea plasus: Glaucopsyche lygdamus: Plebeius acmon: P. montis; P. mel-issa (oV early June at Alta Lake); Lycaena heteronea (ditto); L. helloldes: Minols oetus (pale arid form): Coenonympha elko: Erebia epipsodea (mid-June at 50001): Boloria epithore (ditto): Polygonia spp. & Nymphalis milbertl (ditto, hlbernators): Strymon saepium, tltus. and acadica in late June (Alta Lake); Speyeria cybele leto. zerene. coronls (along Methow River in early July); S. hydaspe: S. mormonla (July 30-2 weeks earlier than 1948); s7 atlantls. Very much reduced this year were: Melitaea sterope: Minols paulus; M. baronl: Erebia vidleri: Oeneis chryx-us; Colias interior: C. edwardsil: Polygonia spp. Oenels nevadensls was absent this year as expected;

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY 2. NORTHWEST - cont.

It swarms In alternate years and is due in 1950. Nymphalis califoraloa is still at a low ebb after the outbreak of 3 years ago, when they swarmed all over the country. Papilio rutulus and P. eurymedon continued the downward trend of the last 5 years. £• oregonia. a D.D.T. victim, was fairly numerous in spring but almost absent in later broods. A long-tailed P. lndra ("pergamus"), seen very rarely here, was taken at Alta Lake in late June. Pseudo-hazis larvae, usually abundant in greasewood, were absent.

Limenitis archippus was common here in 1914-21, but since 1921 I had seen exactly 3, a d1 I took and 2 $$ I left for seed. On Aug. 29 of 1949, my neighbor Galbraith brought me 5 $9 and 2 c*? all in good condition, taken right around his house. He also brought a ragged specimen at the same time which is either a melanic or a hybrid lorquini x archippus (lorquini is fairly common here).

Apparently new State records were Lycaena mari-posa (10 taken in Ferry Co., July 7) and Polltes themistocles (on my lawn).

PUGET SOUND REGION. From Seattle, Johnston, the famous collector of moths in all sizes, wrote: "On the whole, conditions were excellent. On two nights moths kept coming to the gasoline lanterns until daylight. Each time some 400 specimens were secured." Collections were made in eastern and western Washington and Oregon. WI have just started the job of mounting the summer's take, so cannot give details as to the species taken, dates secured, etc., as there are about 10,000 specimens of butterflies, macros, and micros to handle. I will be lucky to get it done by the time next year's collecting starts."

From that tireless collector, Frechin of Bremerton, comes the following: "Weather conditions apparently played an important part in the comparatively excellent collecting conditions in the early spring, and the very poor collecting encountered in the summer and autumn. A very dry period extending from late spring well into summer had a pronounced effect on the number of butterflies found." The following species were found in numbers well above normal: Anthocharis sara; Boloria epithore: Strymon melinus; Incisalia iroides; Proteldes clarus: Thory-bes pylades; Pyrgu3 ruralls; Erynnis perslus: E. propertius; Carterocephalus palaemon: Ochlodes syl-vanoides: Polltes sonora; Atrytone rurlcola: Papilio rutulus: and P. eurymedon. Incisalia polios had the best season I have ever recorded. Euphydryas editha, as usual, appeared by the thousands on Ten-ino Prairie.

The following species appeared in very small numbers: Colias occidentalis; Parnassius clodius: Pieris napi; Minois alope; Phyciodes mylitta; P. campestris: all Polygonia; Nymphalis callfornica: 2» niilberti: Plebeius Icarioides: and Mitoura nelson!. Several species were not even seen, including Papilio zelicaon. Neophasia menapia. Euphydryas colon. Nymphalis antiopa. Mitoura johnsoni. Polltes mardon, Strymon titus. Speyeria cybele was almost nonexistent at the type district; logging operations are probably prime factors in this scarcity. Notable captures and new records for western

Washington include the following: Speyeria zerene: Hesperia hulblrtl (one taken at sea level); H. har-palus and Amblyscirtes vialis (Mason Co.); Hesperia iuba (one near Camp Spelman); Erynnis propertius (common after many years' absence). All other di-urnals endemic to the Puget Basin appeared in normal numbers. Moth collecting was very good. Several Platysamla euryalus dt? were taken, using cecro-pia 59 as an attractant. Smerinthus cerlsyl had a very good year. A colony of Hemaris diffinis was found in Mason County. Pseudohazis "eglanterlna". usually rare, appeared in moderate numbers.

The islands of Puget Sound are of great interest to the collector, and we have a report from Mrs. Henriksen of Orcas Island. She found that collecting began about the usual time, on April 14 with the first Incisalia eryphon and Strymon melinus of the season, both very scarce. More plentiful than last year were: Phyciodes mylitta: Speyeria

hy(

(30 at light). Much reduced from 1943 were: Speyeria zerene: Nymphalis mllberti: Vanessa carve (swarmed in '47 and '48): V. atalanta (absent): ]£-

menitis lorquini: Parnassius clodius: Oeneis neva-densis (none found): Neophasia menapia (still declining) ; Arctia caia: White Satin Moth (millions on silver maples in '47 and '48; none in f49). About as usual were: Papilio rutulus and eurvmedon (abundant); P. zelicaon (rare): Incisalia iroides (scarce); Coenonympha ampelos (common): Anthocharis sara (common); the Blues (not common); Polygonia spp.

numerous); Nymphalis antiopa (ditto); Pseudohazis

is (jifflnig (coa-

"eglanterlna" (very abundant): Hei mon); Smerinthus cerisyl (dittojT One Catocala r£-licta (Sept.14s Mt. Vernon) and a Celerio intermedia were taken. Only 3 C. ^ineata were taken in 2 years

BRITISH COLUMBIA

Vancouver Island has many interesting species, and we are fortunate to have Guppy, of Wellington, to tell us about his experiences in that locality. He says: "Except for Sphingidae the season was better than average. Extreme earliness of all species, both moths and butterflies, was noticeable. A few specific dates recorded follow, with '48 dates in parentheses: Lycaena helloldes May 17 (about June 1); Limenitis lorquini May 30 (June 20); Speyeria zerene June 18 (June 26); Minois alope July 3 (about Aug. 1). Weather conditions: the winter was very unusual. Cold dry weather prevailed from late December until about February 20. This is in contrast to the usual Pacific winter in which mild wet weather predominates. After February 20, the weather improved with extreme rapidity. Spring was early, dry and warm. The summer was cooler and wetter than normal, but better than '48."

"Following are most noticeable changes in butterfly populations. Papilio rutulus and P. eurymedon continue plentiful. Rutulus most particularly is increasing In numbers. In '47 eurymedon was by-far the most plentiful. Last year both species were seen in about equal numbers. During '49 rutulus easily outnumbered eurymedon." A fair number of P. zelicaon (hitherto nearly absent) were seen

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY

here in fresh condition, though on the west coast of the Island it appears much commoner than rutulus or eurymedpn. Parnasslus clodlus showed extraordinary increase in numbers; during 1949 it abounded everywhere. Neophasla menapia. as recorded in the last Summary, is slowly coming back after nearly disappearing; in 194-9 several specimens were taken, the first since 1945. After being sparsely common in 1943, Oeneis nevadensls vanished again; as far as Rhopalocera were concerned, this was the only disappointing feature of a satisfactory season. Bolorla eplthore shows exactly the same trend as Parnasslus. Polvgonla satyrus was common as usual; P. oreas showed a marked increase; P. faunus and P. zephvrus were found to be common in the mountains, where it may have been so all along.

Vanessa cardul was probably the most noteworthy feature of the 1949 season. It appeared in large numbers in the late spring (all worn specimens). They were definitely not here in the fall of 1948, and Guppy had seldom seen this species here before. Reproduction was evidently very successful, the webs of the larvae on thistles were noticed on all collecting trips. The new generation appeared in late July and fresh specimens were common during the remainder of the season.

Hesperiidae appeared on the increase. In particular, Ervnnls propertlusr P. persius. and Pfrrgus rural!s were seen and taken frequently. Two speci-

In considering a summary for this area, strung out as it is along the backbone of the Rockies, one must reflect not only upon the diversity of the terrain included, but also upon the wide range of botanical relationship to the various species and upon the constant changes in weather and their immediate effect upon the cycles of the various species. In this, the third report for this Area, it has already become apparent that the over-all Lepid-optera conditions have been, and probably will continue to be, exceedingly spotty. Collectors who have lived and collected in the mountains realize the difference in weather possible in different localities only a few miles apart, such as on the east and west sides of a mountain range or in adjacent valleys. This checker-boarding of similar mountain localities, with sufficient rainfall in some spots while others suffer from lack of it, seems to bear a direct relationship from year to year with the quantity and variety of species found in any one collecting area.

Most readers will recall the severe blizzards and winter of 1948-49 that hit hard at western Nebraska, Nevada, Utah, and Colorado. This apparently was a factor in collecting conditions for 1949 and may be the reason that the papilioes from northern Wyoming seemed to run smaller in size than is usual. However, there were many places in this area where collecting was excellent or at least improved. Spring species arrived about on time, even a few days early in a couple of places, and in the main

Vol.III, nos.8-9 2. NORTHWEST - cont.

mens of Carterocephalus palaemon were taken. These appear to have wandered north of their usual haunts and are not common anywhere on the Island,

Sphingidae were a failure. The Celerios I have not seen for years. Hemaris diffinis, usually common, was scarce. Smerinthus cerlsvlf abundant last year, fell off badly. Telea Polyphemus is still on the increase, though not common. Two Platvsamia were taken, the first seen in many years. The usual common species, Isla Isabella. Halisidota maculatay Hyphantria textorf and Dlacrlsla vlrginicaf continue abundant, the last named nearly reaching pest proportions. Halisidota argentatar usually common, was scarce. Phalaenldae were also plentiful, especially early species. Noticeable in April were Dar-glda proclncta. Epicnaptera amerisaaa, Beftreqsla, cpncfrlforiBls, Acerrq normals; Jfrlena, cujvi.ma.guj,^ has increased and completely replaced X« cineritla and X. nupera. which were at one time more common. Of the later moths, Autographa ampla and A. corrus-ca have increased at the expense of ^. californica. which were plentiful during 1948.

No report was received from Idaho.

Contributors: A. Anderson; W.C. Cook; D.P. Frechin; R. Guppy; Mrs. Emily Henriksen; E.C. Johnston; R.W. Macy.

collecting was excellent. Standard, in New Mexico, reports a wet summer, but Colorado had its rainfall in early June, followed by a dry summer and an even drier fall season featuring beautiful days and lasted long enough to produce the oddity of people picnicking in the mountains on New Year's Day, certainly unusual here on the "Rooftop of the Nation".

In an Area like this, which is chiefly rugged terrain, human factors play but little part in the lives of Lepidoptera, as compared with orchard regions where DDT has entered the picture. Montana suffered somewhat from forest fires, but the rest of the Area had better luck. Locally, an explosion has set fire to, and may wipe out a huge peat bog at Caribou, a newly found and apparently excellent collecting spot. Overcollecting seems to have reduced seriously the numbers of Boloria frigga on the famous Tolland Bog.

From all points in this Area come reports to coincide with those from other regions relative to the great abundance of Vanessa cardul and Celerio lineata; and Danaus plexlppus. usually a rather uncommon sight throughout the Rockies, has been observed in greatly increased numbers.

Here, the bulk of the V. cardui were observed in April, although still abundant at higher altitudes, including the alpine zone, at later dates. On the 28th of April Gordon Snow, a local resident, called Dr. Hugo Rodeck at the University of Colorado Museum

3. ROCKY MOUNTAINS - NEW MEXICO, UTAH, TO ALBERTA

by J. Donald Eff Boulder, Colorado

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOFTERISTS1 NEWS

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY 3. ROCKY MTS. - cont.

about apparent migrations of this insect. Unfortunately neither Dr. Rodeck nor I was able to get there at the time to observe the actions, but Snow noted that at approximately 2:10 p.m. that day one swarm about 10 feet wide and 30 feet long and about 3 feet thick went by, flying rather close to the ground between houses, and heading south directly into the wind. The flock maintained its formation quite well. At 2:30 p.m. another and larger group, approximately 50 feet square, was observed, and thereafter many smaller groups until shortly after 3 p.m. when a stronger wind sprang up and put an end to the flights. I went over to observe shortly after U p.m. and the place was covered with thousands of specimens, but flying here and there with no apparent purpose. Minor, in western Colorado, in a splendidly written report, observed that the same was true in Grand Valley. His observations were over a longer period of time, planned to determine if they were migrants, but he could reach no definite conclusion. To use his words: "Some days they would flutter leisurely about the flowers and bushes, flitting about in all directions and going nowhere in particular. On other days great swarms of them would wing swiftly past, flying just a few inches above the ground, coming from the south-east and heading north-west. On still other days the direction would be reversed. The fact that the Colorado River flows through the Grand Valley roughly from south-east to north-west, and that the air currents generally follow the course of the river, may have something to do with the direction of the flights.ff One thing on which all who reported the excessive abundance of V. cardui agree is the fact that the greatest number appeared during April, reached their peak by the last of the month or the first week of May, and from then on declined somewhat in number.

Celerio lineata, while not approaching the numbers of cardui> was very common and quite evenly distributed.

In ALBERTA, Bowman, the only collector from that area, was handicapped by illness. However, a terrific storm apparently played havoc with Lepid-optera the last of July as almost nothing appeared in August. This was followed by a severe frost the first of September. He found it the worst year he has ever experienced.

No definite records for MONTANA were received.

In WYOMING, Downey reported the season slightly ahead of an average year. He found the Fapilios of smaller size than usual. His observations with regard to D. plexlppus and £. lineata agreed well with those of the others. Also he noted that the Catocalas were not as plentiful as usual, and that the same was true of the Speyerlas. Glasgow reported that what little collecting he did seemed to indicate a very poor season around Daniel.

The only records of UTAH Lepidoptera were from Lauck who travelled the length of the State by auto during the last two weeks of June. He believes

that much of his poor collecting may be attributed to the late opening of the season, a result of the extremely cold winter. He reported the collecting fair at Bryce Canyon, especially for Pleris, Phvci-odes, Melitaea. and Anthocharls. and very poor at Zlon Canyon where things were dry. Snow prevented collecting, except of swarms of Vanessa cardui, in the Kaibab Forest on the North Rim of the Grand Canyon, but enroute to the South Rim, at the border of the Kaibab, he found Mlnols meadil plentiful.

In COLORADO, Rodeck collected again in the Dinosaur National Park in the N.W. corner of the State. He found that area experienced a good spring and then a dry summer and this resulted in an advancement of the periods of flight of practically all species. Minois oetus was probably the commonest species, and a few more Papllio brucel were taken than last year. On the Western Slope, in the vicinity of Fruita, Minor reported butterflies in normal numbers, with a few slightly more common than usual and Papi11o indra, P. daunus, Parnassius smlntheus. Oenels chryxus. Neonympha henshawi, and Megathymus yuccae absent. Lauck reported collecting at Mesa Verde in the S.W. corner of Colorado very good on July 1 with Collas alexandra. Limenltls weldemeyeril. and the Blues plentiful. It appeared that the collecting on the Western Slope was somewhat better than that on the Eastern Slope. The 3 Remingtons and I found good collecting on the Western Slope at Rabbit Ears Pass near Steamboat Springs, the middle of July. P.S. and I did note a considerable decrease in the Speyerla which abounded last year. Also Eu-phydryas anicla was not found, but this was offset by an increase In other species. In the south-central part of the State, Rotger enjoyed good collecting and made several discoveries. He found Minois meadli plentiful near Sanford. He also reported Speyerla as being scarcer. Along the Front Range of the Eastern Slope, Brown at the southern end near Colorado Springs, and I near the northern end, had good spring collecting, with the Theclini being particularly abundant. Summer collecting was rather spotty, with the alpine species in particular running from 1 to 4 weeks late and being generally fewer in numbers than usual. Not much is known about the eastern Colorado prairies, although the Remingtons stopped near Limon In late July and found Phyciodes pieta common and fresh. Stallings reported Megathymus streckeri just emerging in S.E. Colorado on May 31 at 5000 feet and apparently flights of all species average.

This year NEW MEXICO has a little representation and we hope for more in the future. Standard writes from Belen that they had a wet summer and better collecting than in 1948, with notable increases in D. plexlppus, V. cardui, Polygonla interrogation! s. V. atalanta, C. lineata. Limenltls. and Papllio. and Pleris and Collas about normal. Stallings was in N.E. New Mexico from May 23 to June 1, collecting principally Megathymus, but he took two Yvretta rhesus. They found M. streckeri flying at Santa Fe (7200') May 25 in good numbers. By May 27, it was beginning to show wear at Albuquerque at an altitude of 52001.

92 FIELD SEASON SUMMARY

COMPARISONS WITH OTHER SEASONS

Most species of Papilio occurred in approximately usual numbers, with P. daunus showing a decrease. Minor notes that Papilio indra mlnori seems to be increasing in numbers and range and apparently is gradually replacing the parent form of indra. C.L. Remington notes that Papilio brucei, absent in '34. and f41, and fairly common (for this species) in '37 and '4-7 around the middle of July, was more numerous this year, but after July 20. Parnasslus seemed to be their usual abundant selves in most of the lower areas, but the alpine forms in some areas seemed to be entirely missing, with Mt. Evans the most notable example. Neophasla menapia did a swan dive after being very numerous in 1948. Plerls napl was very common as usual. Anthocharls sara was scarce again this year. Two years ago it was common. E. ausonides appeared in much reduced numbers, although larvae were common and occasionally parasitized by ichneumon wasps. Nathalis iole appears to be coming back somewhat after a complete wash-out last year; Rotger took some in southern Colorado and New Mexico and the Remingtons took fresh specimens at 10,000' in the mountains July 12-13. Here in Boulder and vicinity at 53001 I found them as late as the first week in November. Most of the Colias were about normal, with meadll showing a drop and alexandra being more plentiful than usual in the south, and scarcer in the Pikes Peak region. Coenonympha ochracea was common again. Brown found Eumenis dionysius fairly common in the Big Horn Mts. of Wyoming. Most of the Minois were about the same, with meadll apparently the only one to show an increase. In the Oeneis, uhleri was the big ground-gainer, with good catches reported throughout Colorado. 0. chryxus seemed to be nearly absent. C.L. Remington notes that 0. lucilla swarmed on Mt. Evans July 15, 1937, and was plentiful again in '47, but rather scarce in '48. This year on July 15 we found only a few specimens on Berthoud Pass (11,300*), and Charles, Jeanne, and P.S. found one female on Mt. Evans July 21. However, on August 7 at the same locality I caught 13 «55* and 11 $9 on a rather poor collecting day, and all specimens were fresh. Oeneis brucei is another that had been plentiful on Mt. Evans in '37 during the middle of July. On our return on July 16 from the Rabbit Ears Range we found a colony of them on Berthoud Pass, where we had not found them on several previous years. On August 7 I took some 30 specimens on Mt. Evans at a slightly higher elevation; their condition indicated that they had been flying about a week. Of the Erebias, epipsodea was plentiful, magdalena about normal or slightly increased, callias about normal (at least in southern Colorado), and ethela. which you can normally expect to appear by July 23, did not reach full flight until August 4. With the exception of calliope. Speyeria showed at least a small decrease from 194-8 levels in all areas. Boloria a phi rape was the most abundant Boloria. with the rest of the genus holding their own. In Boulder County all of, the Checkerspots decreased in quantity, with Meli-taea arachne being nearly absent; only one specimen was taken near Nederland, where two years ago they swarmed. However, in Mesa County, Minor found M. acastu3 and Euphydryas anicla much more common than usual. In Phyclodes it was gorgone "as usual11, with barnesll showing the biggest drop in some lo-

3. ROCKY MTS. - cont. Vol.Ill, nos.8-9

calities. Polvgonia seem to be staging a comeback. Limenitis weldemeyerll. Vanessa atalanta. and Nym-phalls mllbertil were commoner than usual. Larvae of the latter two were heavily parasitized by lar-vaevorid flies. In the Theclini, Strymon califoral-cat S. saepium. and Mitoura spinetorum surged slightly. Strymon 11parops was found near Boulder. In-cisalla schryverll and eryphon increase considerably. Lycaena snowii was perhaps more numerous than heretofore and the same was true of heteronea and nivalis. Brown found editha abundant on August 24. at Towgowtee Pass, In Wyoming. In the Blues, Plebelus mlnnehaha was scarce and very, very late. My biggest take of these was on August 21, more than a month from their usual flight period, and they were fresh specimens. Lycaenopsls pseudarglolu8f much more common than in recent years, was still flying as late as July 10 at 80001. Glaucopsyche lygdamus was taken July 27 & 29 at 9000', very late records. Most of the skippers were less numerous than last year, but Pyrgus centaureae was unusually common throughout the alpine regions. In the moths, Pseudohazis nuttallll was plentiful in the Rabbit Ears Range, and also near Caribou at about 10,000 feet. In south-central Colorado the larvae of a species of Malacosoma completely defoliated millions of aspen trees. Gnophela vermiculata was very abundant. Rotger found a few Ctenucha cressonana near Capulin.

Some of the highlights in this area were discoveries by the collectors. Rotger1s prize was the capture of several specimens of Oeneis daura oslarll He also took Speyeria cybele, Atildes halesus, and found a colony of Boloria fre 1.1 a at Platoro, Colorado, which may be a southern record. Brown took 3 Yvretta rhesus, the first since the middle 1930s, as well as the first Euchloe olympia and Callophrys sherldani from the Colorado Springs area; his other unusual captures were Agraulis vanillae. Calllpysche behrli, and Libytheana bachmanii. At Marias Pass in Montana he took a worn specimen of Speyeria that may be the long-lost nokomisl Here in Boulder County, the Remingtons added Eurema mexlcana to E. ni-clppe taken last year, and also Junonla coenia. Anaea andrla, and Phollsora catullus. Ity most exciting finds were Inclsalla iroldes and Pieris calyce. One other item, of which a few specimens showed up this year, has created a lot of interest: a race of Boloria toddl (= bellona). It may not be new, for it was apparently recorded by the Wheeler expedition, but since then has-been overlooked or not found, for this year is the first mention we have heard of it. Brown took it, Rotger found two specimens north of Meeker, in the N.W. part of Colorado, and the Remingtons and I found it, not only on Rabbit Ears Pass, but also in a little willow draw in the sagebrush east of Muddy Pass.

In conclusion, a thumbnail sketch shows the following: That 1947 was a peak year for most species in this Area, with 1948 and 1949 showing decreases. Only 3 or 4- species reached a peak in 1949. The season began about on time, but most of the summer species were a little late, with the alpines in particular showing a greatly retarded flight period.

Contributors: K.Bowman; F.M.Brown; D.Downey; C.Glasgow; A.G.Lauck; W.C. Minor; P.S..C.L.,& J.E. Remington; H.Rodeck; B.Rotger; D.B.Stallings; O.D.Standard.

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS1 NEWS

4. GREAT PUINS- TEXAS AND EASTERN PUINS OF ROCKY MTS. STATES " TO SASKATCHEWAN AND MANITOBA

by Don B. Stallings Caldwell, Kansas

For the third successive season spring came late on the Great Plains. A few more times of this and we will have to revise our idea of what nlatew is. 194-9 on the Great Plains was ushered in with "The Great Blizzard of ,49H. The blizzard swept into the plains on January 2 and snowstorms continued until February 19. During this period temperatures went as low as 50° below zero with winds up to 80 miles an hour and snow drifts up to 30 feet. Blizzards extended into southern Oklahoma; even the "Valley" in Texas had freezes that destroyed citrus fruit.

Of most interest is the negative report of no material changes observed in individual Lepidoptera. Generally the harder-to-get species were more numerous than usual. After the storms I expected to see some extreme spring forms, but they did not show up.

NORTH

Reports from our northern observers indicate that the season was a little earlier than usual for that part of the Area. Collecting data in June, for Plebeius saeplolus. Glaucopsyche lygdamus, and Coe-nonympha inornata. indicate that the season was about 7 days early at that time. In Saskatchewan a series of 12 Poecilopsls rachelae was collected, the largest series for any one recent season. Light trap collecting was especially good and produced three new records of phalaenids and a number of rare notodontids.

Collecting in the north was good up to the middle of July, but thereafter was poor. Many species usually abundant were rare, including all Speyerla. Boloria toddl, Colias, Limenitis« and Lycaena. Ery-nnis brizo and juvenalls were more abundant than usual. Vanessa cardul appeared first in June; all specimens were worn, which would indicate that they were migrants. Later in the year there were"swarms" of fresh specimens.

In Manitoba the 1949 season was preceded by a very dry fall. The winter was steadily cold without any particularly low temperatures. In contrast the 1949 fall in the north has been wet.

MIDDLE

In the Kansas-Oklahoma area the season commenced dry and about 10 days late. Inclsalla henrlcl was at normal or above. Euchloe olvmnia was above nor-Mftl• Ervnnls were common in April. Phvclodes gor-gone produced one of their biggest flights in April. Hesperia metea was observed in good numbers April 16 in the Wichita Mts. of Oklahoma. Megathvmu^ yuccae again produced a good flight throughout the area.

The month of May was very wet. As a result observations were restricted, but the May flights appeared below normal. This observation may be due, in part, to the fact that collecting was usually

done on the week ends and the rain clouds seem to pick Saturday and Sunday to unload. The fall was somewhat more wet than 1948 and fall forms appeared to occur in normal numbers.

At Ottawa, Kansas, usually common Sphingidae, such as Isogramma hagenif Sphinx eremltusr S. cher-sis, S. druplferarum. Hemaris dlffinis- and Xylo-phanes tersa, have been remarkably scarce. New records for the locality were: Darapsa pholus (l); Pho^us labruscae (2 d&); Erlnnyis alone (o)« Cato-calinae were very plentiful at sap, especially Cato-cala enione, C. illecta. C. grynea* C. mlcronympha. along with rare C. amestris and C. lnsolabills. An uncommon migrant taken at willow sap June 22 was a 9 Erebus odora. Butterflies in fair numbers this year were: Papilio marcellus: P. cresphontes: Zerene caesonla: Lethe portlandia; Speyerla cybele: Llby-theana bachmanll; Fenlseca tarquinlus; and Lycaena thoe.

A sampling of Colias in Cloud County, Kansas, on July 3rd disclosed 13% eurytheme. 13% philodica. 13% hybrids, with 43£ of the females white.

SOUTH

Spring collecting in the Dallas-Fort Worth area was above normal. Species particularly abundant were: Danaus plexlppus: Euntoleta claudla; Nathalls lole: Inclsalla henrlcl: Erynnis horatius: Atlides halesus: Achalarus lvcidas: and Amblvsclrtes nyscu Unusual captures were A. eos and Mitoura xami. In May the heavy rains in Texas produced major floods in the Ft. Worth and Dallas area. As a result there was considerable use of DDT in the area. Collecting thereafter was below normal. Megathymus yuccae was surprisingly absent around Dallas. In September, near Tyler, Lerodea l'hermlnier and Amblyscirtes alternata were discovered.

Western Texas received more rain than usual, which resulted in an extra large assortment of wild flowers in bloom. Collecting was well above normal. In the Big Bend country of southwest Texas the following species appeared in good numbers: Strvmon golingi; Strvmon alcestis; Panlllo mu3Mca,u<teta; Phvclodes vesta: P. plcta: P. phaon: Meglsto rubrl-cata; Euptychia dorothea: Asterocampa clvton: A. celtis; Limenitis bredowl: Achalarus casica: Erynnis meridianus: E. trlstls: E. funeralls: Qarisma edwardsll: Antlgonus evansi: A. tmlverulenta: Amblvsclrtes eos: A. avsa: A. texanae: A. oslarl: A. nereus and A.~phvlace. The following were uncommon there: Hesperia uncas: H. virldls: H. nahaska: Yvr-etta caruss Cogla hltrealus. Larvae of Megathymus marlae were abundant in Agave lechegullla in western Texas.

Contributors: P.F. Bruggemann; H.A. Freeman; W.H. Howe; E.M. Kinch; C.S. Quelch; C.L. Remington; J.R. Turner; R.C. Turner Jr.

5. CENTRAL - MISSOURI TO WEST VIRGINIA, NORTH TO ONTARIO

Vol.III, nos.8-9

by P*S* Remington, Jr* St* Louis, Missouri

Although it is not easy to generalize about the weather in an area as large as this, most observers reporting agreed that the unusually mild winter did not affect the quantity of Lepidoptera produced nor upset greatly the usual procession of species* There was some diminution in the western part of the zone in May and June possibly due to cool, dry weather, but July and August showed the usual pattern and the mild fall extended the season longer than usual* Near St. Louis butterflies were seen on the wing as late as November 20.

MISSOURI. Collecting started in early April as usual and the same species were found as reported last year, except that no Euchloe olympia at all were seen in their usual haunts. The same is true of Strymon Ontario, which, although always rare, could usually be found in certain spots. It has not been seen here in numbers for nearly ten years now. Vanessa cardui larvae were very numerous on hollyhocks in St. Louis on July 1, which was the date we left for Colorado. The prolonged fall here brought out the late season species in numbers• There was a noticeable migration of Danaus plexippus through St. Louis in early September - no large masses of butterflies, but numbers of individual specimens flying south for at least a week* An unusual capture was several specimens of Fenlseca tarquinius within the city limits* The larvae have not been discovered yet, but may feed on the aphis which infests the hawthorn trees*

ILLINOIS. Lauck, of ALTON, like the writer, spent part of the summer in the Rockies, but he reported good spr5ng collecting in April and early May. He was the only collector to find Papilio in large numbers, most collectors in this zone reporting that Papilio seemed scarce this year. He found alax. P. glaucus. philenor* troilus and P. cresphontes plentiful* It was also a good year for Lethe port-landia. Lauck1a report on the migration of Danaus plexippus is interesting* He saw two flights, one on Sept* 10, the other on Sept* 20* "The second one centered at Jerseyville and numbered several thousand* The Monarchs stopped over night in the trees on one of the main streets of the town. A thunderstorm hit Jerseyville early on the morning of the 20th, but the Monarchs only tightened their grip and rode out the storm in great shape. After the storm was over, the sun came out and the Monarchs were again on their way south." Lauck also reports more Eacles imperial!s during July and early August than at any time in the past 15 years, Several were raised to the pupa stage*

From the CHICAGO area, Wyatt reported that the Heliothiinae and Papalpema spp. were in average numbers. Leuschner, a welcome new reporter, noted some significant absences of species usually taken near Chicago - very few Phvclodes nyctels* no Euptoleta claudia, Lycaena dlone. or Llbytheana bachmanll* Many Telea Polyphemus larvae were found on swamp willow and he says "I am still looking for my first parasitized Polyphemus larva or cocoon, and yet about 5 out of 6 Platysamla cecropla larvae that I

have found have been attacked*" Datana ministra was found in numbers feeding on willow in late August* Phlegethontius sextus were more numerous than ever before during late August and early September, but no Celerio lineata or Paonias excaecata were seen, although quite plentiful in other years. Cato-cala were out early. Another Chicago collector, Woodcock, has started an ambitious project with moths. He prepared lighted sheets in his back yard and collected virtually every night of the year through to November. He has hundreds of specimens with full data and hopes to have a complete list of his city ward by late spring. Woodcock's only comment on butterflies was that Pieris rapae seemed exceedingly common in Chicago this year. Wren, contributing the most detailed report for Area 5, considers 194-9 to be one of the best butterfly years he can remember. He notes, as I did, that an unusual hot spell early in spring confused the time of emergence of Euchloe olympia. since he found none at the expected time. In the Chicago area, he found the following abundant: Speyeria cybele. S. aphrodite: Boloria selene: B. toddi: Phvclodes tharos: Nymphalis milbertl: N. antlopa (scarce after mid-summer): Vanessa atalanta t V* virginiensis: Junonla coenia; Limenitis astyanax: L. archippus: Lethe portlandla: L* eurvdice: Minois alope: Strymon aca-dica: Lycaena hypophlaeas: Everes comyntas: Zerene caesonia: Collas eurytheme: C. philodlce: Pieris protodice; Papilio ajax; P. gjqu.cus; Ancy],oxypha numitor. Scarce species commoner in 1949 than usual were: Nymphalis .1-album: Asterocampa celtis t Lethe creola: Llbytheana bachmanii: Nathalie lole (one). He found Papilio troilus absent this year.

At COAL CITY, Grundy Co., Wren found the following species common in early August: Danaus plexip-pus.; Limenitis archippus: Papilio a.1ax: Cqlias gur.-ytheme: Pieris rapae: Everes comyntas: Minois alope-Collas. Philodlce, Natltfflls iole, Lycaena fryporhtaeag were scarce. At one spot along the highway for a stretch of one-half mile on one side of the road he saw tens of thousands of the beautiful little arc-tiid, Utetheisa bella, on the roadside vegetation; not one was on the other side of the highway*

INDIANA. Price took a worn Calephelis muticum in a bog in Lagrange County on August 8 (new State record?). Leuschner took Catocala ilia, C. lachry-mosa, and C. paleogama at Tremont on July U%

OHIO* There were three reports from the State. Romine spent most of his vacation in Colorado, tut reports Lethe portlandia more common than he has ever found it in Ohio, in company with Asterocampa celtis> Price observed Vanessa cardui common for the first time in 7 years at Payne. Hibernating specimens appeared in numbers in early May. In July and August a few fresh ones appeared, but he thinks spraying reduced their numbers. Rare finds were Phoebis sennae. Nymphali s i-album, Prenes ocola, Atrytone logan and Lerodea fusca, all taken in Paulding and Williams Counties. Ehrhart, of Antwerp, captured three specimens of Atrytone dukesl, formerly known from Alabama*

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' MEWS

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY 5. CENTRAL - cont.

KENTUCKY. Carl Cook, of Crailhope, contributed the only report. Because of the mild winter, butterflies appeared about 2 weeks ahead of schedule, some as early as March 5. Papillo marcellus was out in normal numbers for the first time since 1946. Incisalia henrici, usually rare, was quite numerous. Other early captures included Strymon m-album and Anthocharis mldea« The heavy rains in June and July seemed to affect Euptychia gemma. E. euryta, Mltou-ra damon. and Libytheana bachmanilf which were less common than usual. Species occurring in normal abundance were Phoebis sennae, Eurema nicip^ge, E. lisa, Junonia coenia, Limenitis astyanax. L. archlp-pus. Asterocampa celtis, and Strymon cecrojgs. Notable captures were one Euphydryas phaeton and one very worn male Speyeria diana. On October 3 a great many fresh Anaea andria were observed. There was also a great fall abundance of Danaus plexippus.

MINNESOTA. Leuschner collected in Minnesota from July 10 through August 14, and sent the only records from that State. Among the butterflies, Lethe portlandia and Feniseca tarquinius were common in the forests. L. eurydice was at the end of its season when he arrived. Speyeria cybele. Boloria toddi, Limenitis arthemis and Coenonympha lnornata were also noted. He concentrated on moth collecting at lights. No Catocala were seen although he carefully examined the trees in the daytime. Phalaen-idae were scarce at lights - only one species of Mamestra and a few Acronlcta were taken. The most common species of moth was a species of Olene. Mal-acosoma americana was next most frequently taken. It was rather late for Saturniidae and only Automer-is io was taken. Of the Sphingidae, Smerlnthus gem-inatus was the commonest. Others included Pachy-sphinx modesta, Atreides plebeia and Sphinx kalmiae. Arctiidae were well represented and included Hypo-prepia miniata. H. fucosa, Phragmatobia rubrlcosa. Apantesls virgo, A. virguncula. Dlacrisla virginlca. Arctia caia, and Haploa confusa.

WISCONSIN. Griewisch at GREEN BAY sent some fine specimens of Speveria atlantisf Minois nephelef Poanes hobomok pocohontas. Hesperia sassacus, Ple-belus scudderii. and P. saepiolus^ Other common species were Carterocephalus palaemon. Polites mystic, P. peckius. P. themistocles, Phyclodes tharos. Thorybes pylades* Proteldes clarus, Atrytone ruri-cola. Less common were Erynnis brizo, E. 1uvenalisf Amblysclrtes hegon. Colias interior, Atrytone logan. On June 13, Griewisch caught a fresh Zerene caeson-la f his first. Other unusual catches were Atrytone bimacula. Limenitis astyanax. Libytheana bachmanll. Asterocampa clyton. Phycanassa viator. Entirely lacking were Phyclodes avctels and Melltaea harrisll.

Arnhold, at CHIPPEWA FALLS, had success in raising Catocala amestris on Amorpha fruticosa (False Indigo). Nearly full grown larvae were found on this plant and all but one (parasitized) emerged by July 15. This plant is also host to C. nuptialis. Arnhold also noticed Phlegethontius quinquemaculatua which became a nuisance on tomato plants, increased this year, like other Sphingidae. Toward the end of May he saw fresh Danaus plexippus flying north and they were plentiful all summer, although no mi-

gration was observed. Arnhold mentions that in nine seasons of collecting in Wisconsin he has never seen any of the black Catocala. such as e pi one, and believes they do not get that far north.

Sieker, at MADISON, reports a good year, with Boloria selene and B. toddifbellpna)extremely abundant as was Speyeria aphrodite« Strymon falacer and S. edwardsli and the Vanessa spp. were more common than 194-8• Less common than usual were Lvcaena epixanthe and the Polygonia., Absent were Glaucopsy-che lygflamus, Euctfloe o3,ympta, and Colias interior. Of the sphingid moths Sieker took Sphecodina abbott-11, AmphApn, nessua, Cregsonta laglanjjis, SinqrlnthUg cerisyj, He reports the satumiid moths becoming more abundant every year; Actlas luna (very common); Platysamla cecropla (common); Telea Polyphemus (com-mon)f Callosamla promethea (rare). By sugaring, Sieker had good success with Catocala this year, taking ilia, cocclnata, nuptialis, amegtrjg, fiej^-gamaf relicjta, uni.1ugaf mrtaf paleogamaf carq, ama-trlx. vidua, retecta, epionef concumbeng, arnica, mira. Other moths seemed scarcer than usual.

MICHIGAN. Wren travelled to WAKEI£E, Cass Co., to try to find the rare Megisto mitchelll* Although five collectors in the party searched the type locality carefully, no mitchelll were seen. It is to be hoped that this rare species has not been exterminated. Species taken included Euptychia euryta. Strymon acadlca. Lycaena thoe. On a trip in September to Roxana, Eaton Co., additional species found were Danaus plexippus (more abundant than usual), Limenitis archlppus, Boloria toddi, Nymphalis mil-bertl, N. j-album.

Beebe, at ECORSE, reports a migration of Danaus plexippus on August \f flying after sundown. He found Eplblema strenuana, E. otiosana, and E. scud-derlana common as usual. He made some unusual captures of moths, mainly micros. One of these, Eplno-tia nonana, was previously known only from Colorado and Illinois. Another Michigan record was Eucosma florldana. Pigritla spp. seem to be increasing.

Mrs. ^ynes, of BATTLE CREEK, continued her successful efforts to rear moths, and her observations of butterflies were about the same as last year.

Near YPSILANTI, Clench found Lvcaena helloldes and Thymellcus llneola much reduced in numbers from 194B. He found no spring brood of the usually common Pierls protodice. and Strymon falacer and S. car-yaevorus seemed scarcer than in 194B. Flight periods in general were the same as in 194&*

ONTARIO. W.R. Hanson observed a Vanessa cardui migration near Sault Ste. Marie on September 30, moving south about 4 miles per hour along at least a two mile front, about 30 to 120 specimens per ten yard front per minute.

No reports were received from West Virginia or Iowa,

Contributors: F.R. Arnhold; R. Beebe; H.K. Clench; C. Cook; O.E. Ehrhart; L.W. Griewisch; W.R. Henson; Mrs. Vonta P. Hynes; A.G. Lauck; R. Leuschner; H.F. Price; C.L. Remington; R. Romine; W.E. Sieker; H.E. Woodcock; G.R. Wren; A.K. Wyatt.

6. SOUTHEAST - FLORIDA TO LOUISIANA, NORTH TO ARKANSAS AND VIRGINIA Vol.m,nos,8-9

by Ralph L. University,

Climatic conditions in the southeastern United i States were relatively normal during 194-9, although spring was somewhat late in the northern portions. As a result, the various species of Lepidoptera were little affected, and the variation in abundance and occurrence was slight.

The collecting season in MARYLAND and the DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA was fairly normal, although a somewhat colder and extended winter had delayed the emergence of a number of species in the spring. Fales, collecting primarily in Prince George and Montgomery counties, noticed that the following species were late in appearing: Papllio phllenor: Pa-pllio glaucus; Papilio marcellus: Anthocharis midea: Eurema lisa; Junonia coenia; Vanessa virglniensls: and Llmenitis astyanax. The following species were on wing somewhat earlier than normal: Vanessa car-dui; Colias eurytheme: Papilio polyxenes: and Poanes zabulon. The remaining species appeared at about the same time. It is significant that a majority of the species which were late in emerging are more southern in distribution; while the remainder were species normally associated with cooler climates. In the vicinity of Washington, D.C., Shappirio noticed that the spring broods of Papilio marcellus and Anthocharis midea were rare. He also stated that the season was two to three weeks late in the early part of June, but returned to normal during August. During this period, Minois alope was exceedingly abundant in comparison to previous years; and Papilio marcellus was unusually common at Great Falls and London County, Va.

Blevins has made an interesting observation on the effect of DDT. He writes, "The swamp, which is the type locality of Poanes massasoit hughl Clark (Beltsville, Md.), was sprayed with DDT from planes in October, 1948, and April, 1949, Hughl has been rare in recent years and as far as I know, none were taken in 1949» These swamps constitute a good collecting locale for many local species in normal years, but this year the quantity of specimens was much less than normal, especially hesperiiis. Neighboring swamps seemed to have their usual number of specimens. Thus, the evidence indicates that the DDT was harmful to Lepidoptera. However, the data is too incomplete on which to base a final evaluation."

In VIRGINIA, King noted that the season seemed to be fairly normal, both in temperature and the occurrence of butterflies. However, in South Carolina, he mentions that the fairly mild winter resulted in an erratic flowering of plants, affecting the abundance of many of the rarer species such as Speyeria diana. Gottschalk noted particularly that neither Vanessa cardul nor Danaus plexlppus was unusually abundant around Salem throughout July.

Shappirio has made a significant observation. MI collected along the South Carolina coast between Myrtle Beach and Georgetown. Thus, I was in the path of a hurricane which arrived several days after '

Chermock Alabama

I reached Jfyrtle Beach. The day after the hurricane hit, a Monday, I collected Hymenoptera as if there had been no storm; insects were in great numbers. As might be expected, probably the majority of the older specimens were destroyed, I did find a few battered bodies of Phoebis eubule under a pavilion. During the following days, Lepidoptera appeared to be rather common. The common spp. of the region such as A. vanillae and the common Sulfurs were very abundant."

In GEORGIA, Eustis found the seasons and flights normal. However, Euptychia sosybius ("Second brood in August") was abnormally abundant, along with Po-lygonia interrogationis, Limenltis astyanaxP L. ar-chippus, Asterocampa celtis, and Libytheana bach-manii. Rhabdoides cellus, which used to be common in the area, has not been observed for seven years. King has collected Strymon liparops and Anthocharis midea at Savannah, along with Hellconius charithon-ia. In western Georgia, Smith observed a fairly normal season, with the various butterflies emerging at the expected times. He also found the first Meg-athymus yuccae since 1941 in that area.

King, collecting in central FLORIDA, mentioned that the year was relatively normal. However, Euptychia cymela was scarcer than usual, and was on wing somewhat earlier. Anartla jatrophae failed to exhibit a northern migration this year; and Strymon calanus had failed to appear around Lake Apopka by May 15• In southern Florida, a mild winter together with the storm damage of 194-8 upset the Lepidoptera. Papilio aristodemus ponceana apparently was on wing somewhat earlier than normal, although the other butterflies were normal in their appearance.

In ALABAMA, the winter was relatively mild. As a result, freshly emerged specimens of Phoebis eubule. Eurema lisa, E. nielppe, Colias eurytheme, and Pleris rapae were observed frequently throughout January and February. Occasional specimens of Ag-raulis vanillae were also seen during this period. The spring flight was normal. The summer was relatively humid, and butterflies were then more abundant than in 1948* However, some species were relatively scarce, such as Euptoieta claudia, Junonia coenia, and Atalopedes campestrls. On the other hand, Eurema iucunda, Lethe portlandiar Euptychia sosybius, E. gemma, Vanessa carduir Asterocampa celtis, Amblyscirtes textor, and Lerema accius were unusually abundant. The fall was normal, with flights continuing well into November before numbers became markedly depleted.

Some interesting observations have been made on the migration of Danaus plexlppus, the Monarch Butterfly. On September 18, 1949, Shappirio observed about two dozen specimens flying south against a gentle southerly breeze between Frederick and Hancock, Maryland. Fales made a number of observations along the coast. The first migrating specimens were seen on August 6, after which time they slowly increased in numbers until they were extremely abundant

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS1 NEWS FIELD SEASON SUMMARY , 6. SOUTHEAST - cont.

during the latter part of September. He observed large migrations at Piney Point, Md., on Sept* 23 and 24, which suddenly disappeared on the 25th. On. October 14 he observed another large migration at Beltsville, Md., flying at about 400 feet, and all heading south at about 100 specimens per hour.

King noticed that in the Roanoke area of Virginia, the Monarch was abundant from August 15 to October 15• The flight seemed to reverse itself daily so that it was impossible to interpret the general direction of migration. In Georgia, Eustis noticed a thin flight in October, flying in a southerly direction. At Tuscaloosa, Alabama, a sparse migration in a northerly direction was noted during April. The butterflies were never markedly abundant, and exhibited a rather leisurely flight, feeding on flowers very frequently. In the latter part of September, the Monarch again began to appear in increasing numbers, until during the first two weeks of October, relatively large numbers were seen flying in a southerly direction. On October 21 a large

mass migration was observed flying through Tuscaloosa at an altitude of about 300 feet, forming a dark cloud in the sky. Migrating individuals were found as late as November 19.

Fales found Phoebia eubule migrating over Chesapeake Bay at altitudes of three to twenty feet, on October 1, continuing throughout the afternoon, with hundreds passing over the area. In Tuscaloosa, Alabama, a relatively large migration of this species was observed, beginning in the early part of October, and lasting throughout November, with the majority of specimens migrating in a southerly direction, occasionally southeast.

No reports were available on Tennessee, Arkansas, Mississippi, and Louisiana; nor any data on Heteroceral

Contributors: T.B. Blevins; W.M. Davidson; H.W. Eustis; J.H. Fale3; C.W. Gottschalk; H.L# King; D.G. Shappirio; M. Eugene Smith.

7. NORTHEAST - MARYLAND NORTH TO SOUTHERN QUEBEC

by Eugene G. Munroej Macdonald College, Quebec

In the Northeastern Area the season of 194-9 was uniformly preceded by a mild winter with light snow cover; moderate temperatures probably obviated excessive frost damage; in the Rochester, N.Y., area there was little ground frost, in contrast to the deep penetration reported last year. The spring was rather early and in most areas reasonably warm; species tended to emerge very early in spring and particularly in early summer; this tendency appears to have been more evident inland than in coastal localities, with many species appearing from two to five weeks earlier than in 1948. Unusual drought prevailed throughout the region from early July to early September, with a deleterious effect on collecting in most localities; marshy and wooded areas were much less severely affected than dry or open ones, where collecting approached or exceeded normal levels. In Nova Scotia and the Canadian and Hudsonian zones of Quebec the unusual dryness had if anything a beneficial effect, and collecting was unusually productive. In all parts of the region southern species, and certain normally rare ones, were present in unusual numbers.

Since only about ten per cent of the Society members in the area reported, the general pattern cannot be given in greater detail. Three species appear to have been present in much larger numbers than usual over a wide area: Danaus plexippus. Vanessa cardui« and Phlegethontius qulnquemaculatus. Unfortunately, few definite dates are available for D. plexippus. The first record for the Area is Barnstable, Mass., Apr.30; it was seen at Ithaca, N.Y., June 4; fresh specimens in moderate numbers

appeared suddenly in the Montreal, Que., region about June 9* The species was abundant in all areas throughout the summer, and lingered in the autumn at St. Annes, Que., to Oct. 10, at Rochester, N.Y., to Oct. 30, at Ithaca, N.Y., to Nov. 8, and in Connecticut to Nov. 15. Little was reported concerning the progress of the populations throughout the summer; larvae taken at Shawinigan Falls, Que., in June yielded adults in the first three days of July. In the Montreal area no definite fall migration or directional movement was seen, although the species was common and was carefully watched; the species was increasing in numbers at Rochester in early September, and a definite migration was seen at Ithaca on Sept. 18; the peak of the migration in Connecticut was on Sept. 24-, and a heavy migration was reported at Cape May, N.J., on Oct. 1. It is noteworthy that all definite migratory movements were at dates considerably before the last reported occurrence of the species in the locality. The population appears to have been above normal everywhere, and dense populations extended farther north than is usual; in the Province of Quebec, where the species is usually scarce, it was very numerous in 194.9, as far north as the Shawinigan Falls region, i.e., to about the limit of the general occurrence of milkweed; the first appearance was about a month earlier than normal; the species was not seen in the Laurentide Park in August.

Vanessa cardui was abundant everywhere; it was common in Connecticut by April 25 (probably overwintered) ; a frayed specimen was seen in Augusta, Me., on toy 15 and another on June 3; a few fairly

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY

7. NORTHEAST - cont.

Vol.III, nos#8-9

fresh specimens were seen at Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Que., in late May. A massive generation appearing in late June or early July was reported from almost all localities, and in most localities abundance continued almost unaltered until late summer or early autumn; the larval progeny of this generation were much in evidence, and damage to hollyhock was reported from several places. At Shawinigan Falls many larvae were seen in late July, also many empty larval nests, but few pupae, and the species seems to have become scarce in August, although it remained common in the Montreal and Eastern Townships regions. Badly worn specimens were present in large numbers in the Laurentide Park in the first half of August.

Phlegethontlus quinquemaculatus was common farther north than usual, being rather abundant in the southern part of the Province of Quebec, where in most years it is rare or absent. Captures in the Ste. Anne de Bellevue area are from June 12 to July 3; larvae were abundant enough to be of economic importance on tobacco and tomato, becoming full grown and pupating about the end of July; a definite second generation emerged in September and October, a most unusual occurrence in this region. The species is also reported as being unusually common in central Maine.

The remainder of the summary is given by regions.

NEW JERSEY (Ehrlich). Early season in Essex Co. normal: Nymphalls antlopa mid-March; Colias phllo-dice first week of April; Pieris rapae and Lycaenop-sis pseudargiolus 2nd week of April. Fauna much below normal by June, with Papilio ajax. Lethe eury-dice. Polygonia interrogationls. Vanessa atalanta, and Poanes zabulon, as well as other species, very scarce. Most species scarce in July, but unusual records were Strvmon edwardsii, July 2, Achalarus lycidasf July 3. In August and September general scarcity continued, such species as Eurema lisa. Colias philodice. Papilio cresphontes. and Euptoie-ta Claudia markedly below normal. Collecting in special localities was, however, productive in July.

At Springdale and Lake Lackawanna on July 9, the following were found: Poanes massasoit: Boloria selene: B. toddi; Minois alope: Lethe eurydice and portlandia: Polygonia comma: Speyeria cybele and idalia: Atrytone pontiac: Strymon liparops: Mitoura damon; Lycaenopsis pseudargiolus. On July 16 the following additional species were present: Calephe-lis borealis: Lycaena hypophleas: Papilio troilus, glaucus. and philenor: Wallengrenia otho: and Politest peckius.

At Lakehurst on July 10, Lycaena eplxanthe was taken in bad weather, but Euptychia areolata was not seen; Erynnis spp. were common and P. philenor was taken; by July 19 the cranberry bogs had been drained, and L. epixanthe was absent, but two Atrytone ruricola were taken.

PENNSYLVANIA. Philadelphia (Ehrlich): April 26«-30, fresh Anthocharis midea were common in a restricted locality; general fauna about normal.

Lancaster Co. (Ehle). Butterflies were in general above normal abundance, but appeared at about the usual times. In abnormally large numbers were: AgtorocflBPa celtjs; Vanessa atalanta (3rd week July);

1* virginiensis (latter half Aug.); Polygonia in-terrogationis. autumn brood (Oct.): P. comma at same time; Euphydryas phaeton (mid-June); Strymon mellnus (late Aug.): Polites verna (June 19-25): Atrytone pontiac (late June); Eurema lisa was unusually scarce. Euptoieta claudia somewhat scarcer than usual. Species taken for the first time by Ehle in Lancaster Co. were: Incisalia augustus; Pyrgus cen-taureae: Hesperia sassacus; H. metea: Polites mana-taaqua: Panoquina ocola. Taken for the first time since 1942 were: Pieris protodice: Hylephlla phvle-us: since 194-3: Papilio cresphontes.

NEW YORK. Horseheads and Sardinia regions (Rupert). Early spring collecting about normal; about June 20 many species appeared which normally occur in July, among them (June 20-30): Cqtocala crataegi and mJLEfl; Aerroperina du£itan£; Apamea amer^cana; EiAgonobap^a. nj.vosar^a; etc. Apicia, confusarla appeared in mid-June, about 2 weeks ahead of normal. In July and August moths appeared in normal numbers at bait along the Cattaraugus, south of Sardinia, but elsewhere in the neighborhoods of Sardinia, Horseheads, and Ithaca, bait was unproductive, even in normally good spots. In the Cattaraugus Valley Euparthenos nubilis, Acronicta connecta. Catocala crataegi. C. mira, C. parta. C. meskei, Calpe canadensis. and many other species were particularly common. In the same locality, Lethe portlandia was abnormally abundant, and congregated in hundreds on bait lines, flying until well after dusk. Autumn collecting was poor, as for several years past; Har-paglaea serjcea and Stamnodes gibbicostata were, however, reasonably abundant, the latter for the first time in several years.

Ithaca region (Keji). The following are sight records of butterflies: Papilio a.jax. May 2 - 0ct.9, 28 days earlier than 1948; £• glaucus. May 18 to July 27, 25 days earlier than 1948; Papilio troilus. June 21 to Aug. 25, seen on 17 days, as against none in 1948; Pieris rapae. April 20 to Oct. 30; Colias eurytheme, June 2 to Nov. 15, more numerous than in 194^, and appeared 22 days earlier; maximum abundance after mid-0ct.; C. philodice. May 3 to Nov.15, 23 days earlier than in 1948, very common; Lethe portlandia. July 12 (l specimen); Minois alope alope. Aug. 9; M. alope nephele, June 28 and (worn) July 19; Euptychia eurytus, June 1 and July 12; Speyeria cybele, June 12 to Sept. 12, about a month ahead of 1948; Boloria toddi, June 20 to Sept. 19, seen ovipositing on Sept. 19; Euphydryas phaeton. June 4 to July 3, not seen in 1948; Phvciodes tharos. May 13 to Oct. 16, commoner from July on, over a month ahead of 1948; Polygonia interrogationis. July 19 to Sept. 13, much scarcer than in 1948 and about 6 weeks later; Vanessa atalanta. May 22 to July 21; Limenitis arthemis. June 6-19; L. archippus, June 24 to July 29; Lycaena thoe, June 24 to July 29, fairly common; L. hypophlaeas. June 4 to Oct.16, seen fewer days than thoe; Everes comyntas. June 11 to Sept. 4, commoner and about a month earlier than in 1948; Lycaenopsis pseudargi olus. May 4 to July 30, scarce; Proteides clarus, June 21 to Aug. 15; Pvrgus communis,, July 24 to Oct. 10, commoner than in 1948; Pho-lisora catullusf July 4 to Sept. 18; Ancvloxvpha numitor. May 24 to Sept. 5«

Rochester region (Kimball). All common butterflies were scarce, as well as the following normally common moths: Agrotls ypsilon: Lacinipolla renigera:

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS FIELD SEASON SUMMARY , 7. NORTHEAST - cont.

Orthodes and Graphlphora spp.; Harpaglaea sericea; Eucirrhoedla pamplna: Agroperina dubitans: Septis arctlca: Apamea americana; Amphipyra pyramidoides; Arzama obllqua: Erastria spp.; Catocala amatrlx: Ichthyura lnclusa: Symmerista albifrons: Heterocampa biundata: Alsophila pometaria; Coryphlsta meadi t Lyggis dlversillneata; Semiothisa gnophosaria; Ana-camptodes pampinaria; Phigalia titea; Eugonobapta nlvosaria; Xanthotype urticaria; Homochlodes fritil-larla; Hyperetis ami carla. Unusually abundant were: Apantesis nals; Morrisonia evicta and confusa.

CONNECTICUT. New Haven region (Remingtons and Bellinger). After cool weather in the early spring, collecting reached normal levels; the extreme drought extended from mid-June to mid-August, but with little evident effect on the fauna. Representative captures and dates are: Phigalla titea, Mar. 28; Lycaenopsls pseudarglolus. Apr.10 - May 8 (in great numbers about Apr. 20, larvae very numerous later, of 200 taken at random 30$ were diseased and 10$ parasitized); Erynnis brizo, Apr.11 to May 7; Plerls rapae. Apr.11; Mitoura demon, Apr.11, becoming numerous by Apr.24,; Ectropis crepuscularia. Melanolophla canadaria, Abbotana clemaria, Apr.14; Anthocharis mldea. Apr.21-May 15; Erynnis iuvenalis first week of May; Incisalia augustus. Apr.30, and I. niphon. May 8; Strymon melinus, 1st generation scarce, about Apr.30, but August generation extremely abundant; Papllio glaucus» Apr.30, abundant to late June; Isturgia truncataria. common in bog Mayl; Lycaena hypophlaeas common May-June, but autumn generation scarce, in contrast to 194-8 abundance; Bolo-rla toddi fairly numerous May 6 - Sept. 17; B. sele-ne locally common June 11-18 and early September only; the following spp. common 1st three weeks of June: Asterocampa celtis; Limenltis astyanax: Thory-bes pylades; _I. bathyllus; Phyciodes nvcteis; Eu-phydryas phaeton; Strymon falacer; S. edwardsii. For the 2nd successive year a Bucculatrix breeding on Quercus was almost in plague abundance, countless millions spinning down in mid-June to pupate. Meli-taea harrisii appeared June 14,; Speyeria idalia late Aug.-Sept., common; Hesperia leonardus abundant Sept.3-11; autumn generation of Eurema lisa scarcer than in 1948. The following species are recorded as abundant, without dates: Everes coqyntas: Pholl-sora catullus: Phyciodes tharos: Papilio troilus: Collas eurytheme; C. phllodice; Limenitis archippus: Polites themistocles. mysticP and peckius: Euptvchla euryta; Ancvloxypha numitor; Vanessa atalanta: V. virginiensis; Speverla cvbele: Proteldes clarus: Po-anes hobomok* Very unusual dates or species were: Eurema lisa, June 11; Lethe eurvdicep June 18; L. portlandlaT June 23; Speyeria aphroditef Sept. 23; Lycaena thoe. Sept. 11 and 17; Plerls protodicef Oct. 8 and 10; Hylephlla phvleusf Oct. 17; Pvrgus communis. Oct. 10. Larvae of Phlegethontius aulnaue-maculatus were common and P^ sextus rare on Phvsalis in Sept., with surprising abundance of black form larvae of Quinquemaculatus. A fresh Celerio lineata was at light Sept. 25. Erannls tiliarla abundant Oct. 28 - Nov. 23; Alsophila pometarlaf scarce in Nov., becoming common in Dec., taken to Dec. 21.

Putman (Klots). Collecting probably below normal in August.

MASSACHUSETTS. Vicinity of Barnstable, Cape Cod (Kimball). Adverse influences were drought, continuing to late August, and the spraying of the entire Cape from the air with DDT in late May; collecting was reasonably good in early July and in Sept.-0ct.; response to bait was poor; many species which might have been expected by analogy with previous experience on Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard were absent. The following were common: Erynnis brizo and juvena-11s (late Apr.); Ancvloxypha numitor: Phlegethontius sextus: Lapara bombvcoldes; Smerlnthus spp.; Anlsota stigma: Crambidia pallida (abundant): Halisldota tgs.-sellarls; Hyphantrta textor; EeJLfcia duceng; An^ogyna spp.; Protolafflpra frru^ejcoUls; Pa.pa^peqa, margjnidena: SchWa arctgera and brevis; Cryphlfl spp.; Ffarfltfarggft iflficita; Paec^es oculai^r^; Autogrqpha falcifera. and b,rassicae; Dorycxtes spadarfra (very abundant, late June to mid-Sept.); Antlcarsla gejmjatilis.; Gabara bi-Piincta; Bleplflna, c^r^drinalis.; Pafona flrexell; TQlYPO laricis! SyncMorq ae£aJa; Me^aslQPglg c££ulaxi&; Scopula enucleata; Pleuroprucha insulsaria: Percnop-tilota obstipata; Buphyla centrostrigarta; Semlftthlflft spp.; Apicia confusarla: Lagoa crlsnata: Hvmenla spp. Nomophlla noctuella; Loxostege hglyiaJLis; Schoen,o^l\g spp.; Crambus spp.; and many Phycitinae. Particularly interesting captures were: Magusa orblfera (3); Cleora manitoba (2); and Topeutis perstrialls*

Vicinity of Waltham (Rogers)♦ Papilio ajax, Apr.12; Erynnis horatius, (worn), and Incisalia irus, Apr.27; I. niphon 5, Apr.30 (unusually early dates). !• augustus was abnormally scarce, perhaps as a result of failure of 194-8 wild blueberry crop. Strymon spp., Speyeria» and other midsummer butterflies were far below normal abundance. A colony of Achalarus lycldas. an unusual species in this area, was in full emergence by June 10, as compared with a late June emergence in a previous year at Johnstown, R.I.

The Johnstons reported an exceptionally poor year for most Rhopalocera, with Lycaena hypophlaeas almost absent, in contrast to 194.8 abundance. Vanessa cardui. however, was very common around Boston.

NEW HAMPSHIRE (Gerould & Gottschalk). Around Hanover Danaus plexippus was unusually abundant. In contrast, Colias were decidedly below average, with phllodice no more evident than the few eurytheme or hybrids. Near Jefferson Vanessa cardui was very common Aug.13-15• Oenels iutta was said to have been chased into N.H. from the newly discovered colony in southern Maine and thus becomes a new State record.

VERMONT. Central region (Klots). A number of Erora laeta taken in two localities where careful search did not disclose it in 194-8 or in the late 1930's; dates June 4-15• During the same period and on July 15-16 other butterflies were about as usual. Possible exceptions: Melltaea harrisii, a dense colony freshly emerged, June 4-15; Papilio aiax not seen in a locality where abundant in late May, 194$; 1st gen. P. glaucus perhaps commoner than usual.

MAINE (Brower). Cool, cloudy spring, followed by drought in July. Numbers of most species much depressed. The following first dates of capture are reported (unless otherwise specified, the locality is Augusta): Colias phllodice, Apr.30, (very scarce

100 FIELD SEASON SUMMARY 7. NORTHEAST - cont. Vol,III, nos.8-9

in Sept., none June-Aug.); Pieria rapae, May 5; Nymphalia antiopa, May 7; Papllio ajax, May 11; Lycaen-opsia pseudargiolus (unusually acarce) and Strymon mellnus (unusually common) May 14; Incisalla niphon (to June 6); Feniseca tarquiniua (some worn); Bolor-ia toddi, May 17; Phyclodea tharos (scarce all year) May 18; Papilio glaucus. Liberty, May 24; Boloria selene, Bar Harbor, May 26; Lycaena hyppphlaeaa (un-usually scarce) and Poanes hpjbomok, May 30; He 3 per la sassacus and Atrytone blmaculaf June 2; A. ruricolaP June 3; Thorybes pylades. June 4; Polites themisto-cles, June 13; Llmenitia arthemis, Liberty, June 12; Euphydryas phaeton, June 19; Proteides clarua and Amblyscirtes hegon, June 23; Ancyloxvpha numitorf June 25 (unusually common); Lycaena thojg, June 30; Lethe eurydice. July 2; Minois alopef July 9; Spey-erla cybele, July 19; Nymphalls antipjga, Sept. 12; Colias eurytheme. Belgrade, Oct. 8, VERY RARE; Nymphalia i-album. one Oct.11 (no others). Many moths were recorded, of which the following are of exceptional interest: Septis commoda (new State record), Aahland, July 18; Legna perditalia (firat definite State record), Princeton, July 18; Lobophora nlvi-gerata. Mt. Katahdin, July 25; Heliomata cycladata (firat State record), Gardiner, June 4» Unuaually common: Phlegethontius 5-fflaculata; Fforppa xylinoldea; Rachela bruceata; Coryphista meadii; Eudule mendica.

NOVA SCOTIA (Ferguson). Butterflies were generally common, moths in tremendous and unusual abundance. IncisaiUa. Augustus, poUpa, nipion, and Ig-caenopais paeudargiolusf Mt. Uniacke, May 8, and Al-dershot, May 9; Oeneis 1uttaP Mt. Uniacke, June 3; Papilio brevicauda at 5 localities in Cape Breton in early July; only 1 specimen of Plebeius argyrog-nomon at Baddeck, but common el8ewhere in Cape Breton, and also in Halifax Co.; Speyerla spp. were common in July, in contrast to 194-8 scarcity; worn Boloria titania (= "chariclea") at Parrsboro, Aug. 12; Vanessa cardul and virginlensis common in late summer after several years1 absence; Polygonia and Nymphalls remained scarce. Twenty-two species of macroheterocera were added to the Province list, some of which were: Celama triquetrana: Agrotls mollis : Septis vulgaris; S. apamiformis: Elaphria geor-gel: Pleuroprucha Insulsaria: Semlothisa gnophosarla: Anacamptodes vellivolata: Metarranthls (undetermined spj; Catocala cocclnata: Andropolia contacta: and Septis plutonia. Oporophtera brumata appeared for the first time in North America; it is established in a considerable area near Halifax, and has probably actually been present for some time; it is a pest of fruit, shade, and forest trees in Europe, and its introduction should be viewed with concern. Other interesting captures were: Homoglaea hircinaf April, Metalepsls fishi, May 1, both from near Halifax; Catocala £OjQjEiialjLs, Coldbrook and Annapolis, July 23-26; Cerma coraf Marathyssa lnficitaf and numbers of Cryphla pervertens and Paectes oculatrix from the Annapolis Valley; Gluphisla avimacula in numbers at Centreville; Notodonta simplarlaf Centre-ville, June 4; Hemaris gracilis. Southampton, Aug.6.

NEW BRUNSWICK. Southeastern portion (Ferguson). Boloria titania (» Hcharicleaft), Dorchester, Aug.5-11; Polygonia progne and faunus same locality and dates; also Sphinx kalmiae. Rhodophora florida,etc.; Strymon acadica. near Moncton, early August.

Northern portion and Gaspe region of Quebec (Ferguson and Klots). In latter half of July po3,o-ria selene was abundant and worn; Plebeiu3 saeplolus waa common; Boloria titania waa abnormally acarce on the Cascapedia road, in contrast to 1948. At Bathurst, Aug. 2-4, lycaena dorcas could be taken at the rate of 100 per hour; Coenonympha lnornata was absent. A few miles to the south, Boloria titania was abundant; also present were Colias interior. Speyerla atlantis, Nymphalls milbertl. Boloria selene, and single Polygonia gracilis and Strymon 11-parops. Autographa octoscripta and Hydriomena fur-cata were taken at light at Bathurst.

QUEBEC. Granby (Bro. Adelphe). Butterflies were abundant. Species taken in Aug., in order of decreasing abundance: Vanessa cardul. Danaus plexl-pjgua, Speyerla aphrodite (moatly freah). Coliaa eurytheme (from Aug.5),Boloria selene (l worn apeci-men Aug.8, numeroua fresh ones after Aug.16), Lycae-na hypophlaeas (common after Aug.9), Speyerla cybele Tup to Aug.16, mostly worn), Vanessa virginlensis (from Aug.6 on), Phyclodes tharos (from Aug. 8 on, mostly after Aug.13). Colias phllodice. Minois alope (worn) and Boloria toddi (equal). Limenltis archlp-pus. Nymphalia milbertl. About 1200 motha were taken in the aarae period, including several melanic Septis arctica.

Montreal region (Gray, Munroe, Sheppard). Lep-idoptera were much less abundant in open areas than in 1947 or 1948, but were normally abundant in low-lying, wooded places. Some representative dates are: Vanessa atalanta, Apr.3, present in moderate numbers through the spring; Lithophane unlmodaf Apr. 13, new generation abundant in Oct.; Caenurglna sp., abundant May 5; Zale sp., May 7; Dlacrisia vlrglni-ca, May 14 to Aug., without evident break; Xanthor-rhoe lacustrata and Slmyra henrici, May 16; Papilio glaucus. May 17 (about 3 weeks ahead of normal); Gabarasa amblgualls. June 1-5; Autographa falcifera, June 2-9, late July; Phlegethontius 5-maculatua. June 12 to July 3 and Sept. 2 to 27; Euclidina cua-pidea. June 3-19; Phragmatobla fuliginoaa. June 4 and July 17-29; Hyphantria textor, June 4-13; Chy-tollta morbidalia. June 5-29; Isla Isabella. June 6-24; Gluphisla septentri onalls. June 8-13 and July 29; Dyspteris abortivarls. common about June 10; Euchlaena aerrata, June 9 to July 15; Iacinipolia lorear June 9-21; Mlnola alope. June 11 to July 16, common; Arzama obliqua. June 12; Habroayne gloriosa. June 13-21, common, a second generation late in July; Nymphula obscuralis. June 18-26, common; Pri-onoxystus robinlae. about June 19, common; Pluslo-donta compresslpalpis. June 19 and July 27-29, com-mon> Parallelia bistriarls. June 20 and Aug. 2-9; Schoenobius sp., June 22; Septis arctica. June 26-29 (unusually early); Lycaenopals pseudarglolus. very common from June 28 to July 16 and from Aug. 12 to 22, the spring generation was, however, scarce; Eplzeuxls lubricalls. July 2 to Aug. 3; Lethe eurydice, common in early July; Plerls rapae. scarce in spring, but abundant July 4 to Oct. 10; Papilio ajax, last. gen. scarce, but 2nd gen. common July 16 to Aug. 28; Colias eurytheme. July 16 to Nov. 2, scarcer than phllodice until Oct., when it became more abundant; Colias phllodice. July 16 to Nov. 2; Crymodes devastatrix. July 16 to Aug.18, very common; Polygonia interrogationisf July 20 to

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS1 NEWS FIELD SEASON SUMMARY 7. NORTHEAST - cont.

101

Aug.16, common (usually rare or absent in this region); Catocala crataegi, July 25 to Aug.9, common and rubbed; C. uni.1ugaf July 25 and Aug.2; Peridro-ma margaritosa. Aug.12-23, Oct.6-16, very common; Catocala cerogama. July 30 to Aug.4., common, a mel-anic taken; Amphipyra pyramidoides and A. glabellaP both common about July 30; Agroperina helya, July 30 to Aug.5, common; Vanessa virginiensis. July 31 to Sept.7, common; Everes comyntasr Aug.2 to Sept. 11, common; Catocala parta. Aug.2 to 4># a melanic taken; C. concumbensf Aug.2-31, the most numerous species of the genus; Euxoa messoria, very common in Aug. (in contrast to 194-7 and 194-8); Leucania unipuncta. Aug.2 to Oct. 10, extremely abundant, comprising 90? of the specimens on Professor Grayfs bait line; Ancyloxypha numitor, common Aug.7-10; Eurois occulta, Aug.12-23, very common; Speyeria cybele. a male on Aug.28, an unusually late date; Nymphalis ,1-album. Sept.2; Lithomoia solidaginisf Sept.11; Xanthia lutea, Sept.11-21; Nymphalis anti-opaf Sept.11; Xylena nugera, Oct.11; Ctenucha vir-ginica, Oct.27 (an unusual date); Erannis tiliaria, common about Oct.29; Oporophtera bruceata, Oct.29 to Nov.16. Unusual records were: Deidamia inscription. St. Anne de Bellevue, April 20; Strymon melin-us. St. Anne de Bellevue, Aug. 14, ? new record for the Province; Anticarsia gemmatilis. Oct.11; (all Professor Gray). Sheppard records a massive flight °f Acentropus niveus at Montreal, Aug.6; over 100 specimens were taken at light at his home on that night, and many more were seen; none were seen on the following night, and the species did not reappear; this locality is about three miles from the nearest likely breeding ground.

Montebello region, early July (Munroe). Lepid-optera were very numerous; small quadrifid noctuids

were abundant in the daytime in undergrowth of rich deciduous woods. No specific records available,

Mont Tremblant region, late June (Munroe). Lep-idoptera were abundant, the usual run of seasonal species being present. The most common diurnals were Papilio glaucus (in expected numbers) and Lime-nitis arthemis (in massive and unusual abundance). Danaus plexippus was also numerous at this time.

Shawin^gan Falls region, latter half of July (Munroe). Lepidoptera were in at least normal abundance, with species at about normal dates. Eux,oa spp^ esp. ochrogaster* were more common than for the past three years, though far from maximum abundance. Small, pale brown coleophorids were very numerous.

Chateau Beaumont region, Laurentide Park, early August (Munroe). Lepidoptera were very abundant, as is the rule in this area. The most common species of diurnals were Boloria tltania (=> w char idea") (swarming everywhere in the dwarf birch-caribou moss areas), Plebeius argyrognomon. Colias interiorf Pi-eris rapae, Polygonia f aunus, and Vanessa cardui, the last in shockingly worn condition. This part of the Park, which has not been collected previously, is at an altitude of between 2500 and 3000 feet, and has vegetation Of a Hudsonian facies, although Dr. Yves Desmarais states that the climax appears to be Canadian. Moths were very abundant, especially a number of species of Tortricoidea. One Coeno-nympha inornata was taken, a new record for the Park.

Contributors: Bro. Adelphe; P.F. Bellinger; A.E. Brower; G. Ehle; P.R. Ehrlich; D.C. Ferguson; J.H. Gerould; C.W. Gottschalk; W.M. Johnston; J.A. Keji; C.P. Kimball; A.B. Klots; C.L. & J.E. Remington; W.P. Rogers; L.R. Rupert.

8. FAR NORTH - ALASKA TO LABRADOR

by T.N. Freeman Ottawa, Ontario |

It was pointed out in the Summary for this region last year that season to season summaries for any one locality are usually impossible because those areas are not visited more than once. However, the following notes may be of general interest.

The lepidopterous highlight of this area undoubtedly was the widespread occurrence and unprecedented abundance of hordes of Vanessa cardui from the southern tip of James Bay north to Port Harrison on the barren lands of the east coast of Hudson's Bay. It was also abundant at Churchill and according to Dr. Gottschalk a $ was found at Chesterfield Inlet, Keewatin, N.W.T., on July 27. It was also abundant in Newfoundland and when we consider that this species cannot overwinter in Canada, except perhaps in the extreme southern portion of Ontario, its northern migrations extended for at least 1000 miles. The following are some general notes pertaining to specific localities.

DAWSON, YUKON TERRITORY

Paul F. Bruggemann furnished the following remarks on this locality. With some exceptions, Lepidoptera were few in individuals of any one species, This may have been due to the unusually wet season. It was noted that many of the species which are common in the northern Canadian prairie region, were also taken at Dawson. Papilio glaucus was quite abundant below 3000 feet elevation, above which Papilio machaon aliaska was fairly abundant and ovipositing on Artemisia arctica.

NCRMAN WELLS, N.W.T.

This locality approximately coincides with Kir-by's old type locality, wLat. 66". In general, the lepidopterous fauna is mainly characteristic of that of the coniferous forest zone, with a few arctic intrusions. Colias and Boloria were the most abundant

102

FIELD SEASON SUMMARY 8. FAR NORTH - concl.

in number of individuals although species were few. The genera represented were Coenoavmpha. Llmenltls. Phyciodes. NymphalisP Anthocharis, Pieris. Lycaena. and Lycaenopsls.

YELLOWKNIFE, N.W.T.

Yellowknife is on the North Arm of Great Slave Lake# The lepidopterous components of the fauna are those indigenous to the coniferous zone plus a few arctic intrusions. Euchloe ausonides. Pleris napi. Colias Christinaf Oeneis iutta. and 0. chryxus caryl were the most abundant butterflies.

MOOSE FACTORY, ONTARIO

This locality is situated at the southern end of James Bay. The survey parties were there only for a short time en route to stations along the west coast of James and Hudson's Bay. Pyrausta nubilalis and Gelerio gall11 were noteworthy captures. Leucanla unlpuncta was abundant at light on 11 September.

RUPERT HOUSE, QUEBEC

Inclement weather along the whole western coast of James and Hudson's Bays reduced the collecting. Papllio machaon was taken and verifies Holland's record for Rupert House. Vanessa cardul was abundant. One Danaus plexlppus was captured. This is well south of the tree limit; no arctic species was seen.

GREAT WHALE RIVER, QUEBEC

This locality lies in the Transition Zone and the Lepidoptera consist of arctic and coniferous zone species. Oeneis taygete was the most abundant and all other indigenous species were rare. The intrusion of the southern Vanessa cardul was striking. As many as 200 specimens could be seen at one time, in late June. The larvae occurred literally in hundreds of thousands, feeding on yarrow and tansy, and many of the larvae were eaten by Pipits and Horned Larks. Many fell from the food-plants and became trapped in sand-pits. The larvae pupated in mid-August and began to emerge at the end of the month. Pupae sent to Ottawa emerged until September 20. Perldroma margaritosa and Nomophila noctuella were significant moth records for this locality.

PORT HARRISON, QUEBEC

This locality, well within the barrens, had the usual Boloria, Oeneis. Colias. and Erebla in limited numbers. Vanessa cardul arrived in late July but apparently did not find a suitable food plant.

NEWFOUNDLAND

In the western part Boloria and Oeneis were absent, Colias scarce, Blues and Coppers abundant in certain habitats. In the eastern part Pieris rapae was abundant in an area deep in the woods and cleared of timber thirteen years ago. Papilio glaucus and P. brevicauda were also numerous. Danaus plexlppus occurred at St. Johns. Coenonvmpha inomata and our old friend Vanessa cardul were abundant generally in Newfoundland.

Contributors: P.F. Bruggemann; C.W. Gottschalk.

Vol.III, nos.8-9 BOOK REVIEWS. 16. A Manual of the Butterflies and Skippers of Kansas.* by William D. Field

Mr. Field, now an Associate Curator of Insects at the United States National Museum, wrote in the preface to his Manual: "Many students of nature would like to be able to determine their own finds. It was with this in mind that the simple faunal list was enlarged into a manual with complete keys to the various families, genera and species. The intention has been to eliminate from the manual as much technical language as possible, in order to make it more easily usable to younger and inexperienced collectors. ... A rather lengthy introduction has been included to prepare the beginning student for an intelligent use of the subject right at the start, and also perhaps to arouse his interest. ... References are placed in the footnotes so that the student who may find some particular interest in the several subjects discussed can make further studies."

The first section succeeds exceptionally well in introducing to the untrained enthusiast the serious study of butterflies, with discussions of nomenclature, classification, the structure of each life history stage, migration, butterfly senses, and other subjects. A serious deficiency here is the lack of a biologically tenable, modern discussion of subspecies and of individual and seasonal variants. That such an omission would be unlikely today emphasizes the recentness and yet tremendous impact of the superb theoretical treatments of the "New Systematics" by Mayr, Huxley, Dobzhansky, Simpson, and many others. In the body of the Manual the descriptions, all of which appear to be newly prepared, are simple and lucid. For ease in handling the necessary technical terms there is an extensive glossary.

A distinctive feature of Field's book is the regular use of keys for identification of superfam-ilies, families, genera, and species, as well as a few to subfamilies and tribes. How most butterfly-book writers have so long neglected the invaluable technique of identification keys is a curiosity.

The Manual Includes detailed characterizations of the adults, pupae, and larvae of all higher groups. Under each species in addition to the description, there are notes on distribution, flight periods in Kansas, host plants, and references to figures in the standard books by J.H. Comstock, Holland, Clark, and J.A. Comstock. A real disappointment to the reviewer was the large amount of space devoted to aberrations and forms, a disappointment heightened by the lack of genetical interpretation of these phenomena which are essentially the province of genetics rather than taxonomy and nomenclature.

These shortcomings are perhaps the product of the date of preparation and could be raised equally for virtually all other Lepidoptera manuals preceding this one by Field. Its originality and thoroughness make this a book valuable for frequent reference for the specialist as well as the collector for whom it was intended.

C.L. Remington

"Bull.Univ.Kansas. vol.39,no 10: 327 pp.,2 pis. 1938.

AVAILABLE NCW FREE OF CHARGE. Merely write: Prof. C.D. Michener, Dept. of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.

Nov.-Dec. 19-49

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS* NEWS

103

ANNUAL MEETINGS OF A.A.A.S. AND ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

The 1949 meetings of the E.S.A. were held at Tampa, Florida, December 13-16. As usual, there were papers on the program of lepidopterological interest, primarily in a symposium on Entomology and Zoogeography. Dr. Charles D. Michener discussed "Geographical Isolation and Speciation", and Dr. Alexander B. Klots presented a paper on "Circumpolar and Alpine Distribution of Butterflies."

University duties kept the writer from attending the E.S.A. meetings at such inconvenient dates, but the societies meeting with the American Association for the Advancement of Science had several papers of exceptional interest this year. The A.A.A.S. met in New York City December 26-31, and readers of the Lep. News may be interested in some selections from the program.

Of outstanding interest was a symposium on *The Role of the South Atlantic Basin in Biogeography and Evolution with Special Emphasis on the History of South America During the Mesozoic Era." It was arranged by the thriving new Society for the Study of Evolution and was presided over by Dr. Ernst Mayr. Of course, the central theme was the Wegenerian Hypothesis of Continental Drift (Wegener tried to show that South America and Africa, as well as other land masses, had once been connected along the sides now forming the shores of the South Atlantic Ocean and that the continents had drifted apart rather rapidly during Mesozoic times). Nine formal papers and about the same number of arranged discussion papers were read by a galaxy of noted physical geologists, paleontologists, botanists, entomologists, and vertebrate zoologists. Thus, fresh, authoritiative approaches to the problem were made from very many points of view. While no one officially attempted to arrive at a conclusion after the papers and discussion, the writer went away thoroughly convinced that there was hardly a shred left to support those who accept the essentials of the Wegenerian hypothesis and that virtually conclusive evidence was presented, particularly by the geologists, that large-scale Continental Drift did not occur. Also, apparently a trans-Atlantic land-bridge eastward from Brazil to Africa has little or no support today and only passing reference was made to such a bridge. Incidentally, few if any Lepidoptera could be expected to throw much light on Drift or land-bridges, since almost any modern Lepidoptera occurrence in South America and Africa could be explained on the basis of transportation of pioneers by wing and wind.

Two papers on Lepidoptera were listed in the Evolution program, one by Prof. Ernst Caspari on "Effect of two alleles occurring in natural populations on viability in Ephestla" being read by title only and presumably appearing in print soon. The other, by the writer, was on "Evidence on species separation in the lepidopterous genus Colias". and known facts were reviewed, in combination with new ones, to show that eurytheme and philodice are separate, frequently hybridizing species of Colias,

Prof. Caspari also had a paper on Lepidoptera on the program of the Genetics Society of America,

entitled "Serological Differences between a+a+and aa Ephestia."

The 1950 meetings will be held in Cleveland, Ohio, after Christmas, but a number of biological societies will probably meet separately in Columbus, Ohio, in September. The plans of the E.S.A. are not yet known to the writer.

C.L. Remington

PERSONALIA

Prof. RENE LICHY, Caracas, Venezuela, returned this fall from an extended trip to Europe. He wrote enthusiastically of the kind attention he received, particularly from Mr. N.D. Riley, Dr. Karl Jordan, and MM, J, Bourgogne and P, Viette, during research visits to the British Museum, the Tring Museum, and the Muse\» National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. He was able to examine to his satisfaction the Fel-der types of Eurema and of Amblypterus tigrina,

ARTHUR D. HALL, a Charter Member of the Lepidopterists1 Society, died in Camp Hill Veterans Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 31 December 1949. He was 78 years old. Born in England, Mr, Hall emigrated to Canada just after the First World War and lived for a time in Ontario before moving to Great Village, Nova Scotia, his home for several years. He was a keen moth collector in England as well as in Ontario and Nova Scotia. The Hall collection and small library were bequeathed to Mr. H.G. Payne, Provincial Apiarist, Truro, N.S.

CLAUDE I. SMITH, a Charter and Sustaining Member of the Lepidopterists' Society, was drowned in a fishing accident in San Francisco, California, U November 194-9. Mr. Smith, only 27 years old at the time of the tragedy, was a student of entomology at the University of California and was working there on a revision of the noctuid genus Annaphila, He was married and the father of two small boys, Mrs. Smith turned over to the University his notable collection of western North American moths.

The Autumn, 19-49, issue of American Scientist reports that KENT H. WILSON, studying at the University of Idaho, received a substantial grant "to aid in a study of the two species of the Glaucus group, Papilio glaucus Linne and Papillo rutulus Lucas."

Prof. K.J. HAYWARD, who has returned to Argentina from his lengthy stay in England, notified us that the second volume on the Hesperiidae of Argentina was in the printers1 hands in October. As a result of his very successful trip, he now has assembled a complete synonymic list of the Argentine butterflies, with 7/& species and subspecies.

Dr. EUGENE MUNROE has accepted a position with the Systematic Entomology Unit, Division of Entomology, of the Canadian Department of Agriculture, in Ottawa. This Unit apparently now has the largest staff of lepidopterists in the Western Hemisphere. It long was a distinguished center for Lepidoptera research with the presence of Dr. J.H. McDunnough, who retired from the Unit three years ago.

104

AN ECONOMICAL STORAGE-BOX

by P.H.H. Gray Macdonald College, Quebec

A light (weight 2 lbs.) but strong storage-box for pinned insects can be made easily and at a very small cost, with the materials listed below and in the manner described. The boxes are in book-form. They measure l6n x 12", are 3 7/8" thick, and require 17" of shelf depth. Each will hold about 250 noctuid-sized moths, or about 100 of the Nymphalis type. One box requires the following materials, or pro rata as stated:

4 pieces 3/8" thick basswood, 1 3/4" x 16"

4 pieces 3/8" thick basBWood, 1 3/4" x 11 1/4"

2 pieces box pasteboard 12" x 16", for covers

4 pieces liner pasteboard 11 l/4n x 15 1/4", for the pinning medium (see notes below)

White paper to cover the liner

13'4" passepartout (picture-binding) 7/8" wide (or 3 1/2 rolls of 10 yards for 9 boxes)

3 tubes "Glyptal" Gen'l Purpose Cement for 9 boxes 1 tube "Duco" Household Cement for 9 Boxes

20 small flat-headed nails, 5/8" long

16 small picture (French) nails, 7/8" long

I get the wood strips sawn for me in 4*1" lengths, and cut them to the box lengths, sanding all open ends. I have a squaring-up frame of flat strips of wood nailed to a 12" wide ironing board (retired household property!) to accomodate the 12" x 16" dimensions of the box. The two 16" and the two U 1/4" basswood strips are "Glyptaled" at the ends and nailed together in the squaring up frame with two 7/8" nails at each butted corner.

A very sharp knife is needed to cut the pasteboard (you could have it cut at a factory). The 16" x 12" cover-pasteboard is then glyptaled onto the edges of the box-frame and tacked down with the 5/8" flat-headed nails, as far down as slightly to depress the edges or corners of the pasteboard. A duplicate of this makes the other half of the box.

A double layer of liner pasteboard is glyptaled into each half-box, spotting the adhesive only enough to hold the two pieces firmly. You can use the flat grey-coloured liner or corrugated pasteboard; the latter must be stuck together "hill-to-valley", the kind with the hills 3/8" apart. Heavy weights are needed to stick these together and to the cover. White paper is "ducoed" sporadically and weighted down on the liner. "Glyptal" seems to be too tough for pins 1 and 2 to penetrate. These two cements appear to contain amyl acetate; they repel psocids (book-lice) for at least six months. Glyptal is made by Canadian General Electric, Duco by Canadian Industries Ltd. Similar adhesives can be obtained under other names in other countries.

All open ends and edges are covered with passepartout folded over. The two half-boxes are now placed side to side, covers undermost, and a strip of passepartout stuck along the adjacent edges to form an inner hinge. When this is dry the two halxes are folded together, closing the box; it is then placed on its front edge, and another strip of binding paper stuck along the back joint completes a double hinge. The box is now ready for use. You can add inner strips of basswood, to project on

Vol,III, nos.8-9

three sides of one half, with the exposed edges rounded for half their depth, to make a closer fit. I do not add a hook or catch.

If the wood strips are less than 1 3/4" wide the pin heads protrude when the box lies open flat. Since specimens are pinned into both halves, you may have pin heads through vour larger moths and butterflies if you use 1 1/5" wood.

It takes about two hours to make one box. You may save time but spend more money by having ready-cut pasteboard. These boxes are for the far-from-rich enthusiast. I made nine boxes last winter for about 85 cents each, the pasteboard costing nothing.

THE NOMENCLATURE CONTROVERSY

A group of taxonomists in Washington, D.C., has published a statement (Science, vol.110: p.595; 1949) about the much-discussed nomenclatural events at the 1948 international zoological congress. It is intended to remedy the fact that "the basic issues have not been sufficiently emphasized." (See Lep. News 3: pp. 19-20, 67). After the events are reviewed briefly, the statement is continued as follows:

"The following facts stand out as the basic issues: (l) the most momentous actions of a half-century in zoological nomenclature were taken at Paris without preliminary announcement, without the usual opportunities for consideration by zoologists in general, and without prior study and approval by the regular commissioners; (2) in many cases approval was given only "in principle}! with no provision for review of the principles and with the actual wording left to a committee of jurists; (3) not only was no provision made for review of these principles, but no right was reserved for the regular commission, the international congress, or zoologists to accept or reject the final wording of the proposed revision or any of its parts before promulgation.

"It is clear that the program which produced these issues was created and fostered by the secretary of the commission, who no doubt believed that his actions were desirable and necessary to improve the nomenclatural situation. Nevertheless, shorn of all obfusca-tions regarding 'mandates from the congress,' dangers of delay, and similar assertions, the means taken to effect the ends are contrary to the principles and practices on which international cooperation in nomenclature was established and by which it has functioned for nearly half a century,

"Such actions strike at fundamentals. If they are allowed to stand, international cooperation in nomenclature will be a farce, the confidence upon which support of the commission has been based will be lost, and the accomplishments of years in the field of zoological nomenclature will be jeopardized.

"If confidence is to be maintained and international cooperation made secure, any plan for revision of the code must have widespread approval. Zoologists must be permitted to see any such proposals and express their reactions, the full commission must study all proposals, as well as the comments of zoologists, and pass judgment on them, and, if it still seems desirable to maintain the formality, the following International Congress of Zoology must formally approve the final draft."

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS* NEWS PROGRESS REPORT ON THE NEARGTIC BUTTERFLIES

105

The second lot of distribution data sheets are all in and consolidated. These cover the first ten Satyridae in McDunnough's 193B Checklist plus Neo-nympha dorothea Nabokov published since that year. Reports were filed by 63 collaborators. Some of these reports included data from museum collections and others from State and local lists. Such additional information is most welcome.

The annexed table shows the distribution of the species involved by the number of counties in each Province and State from which specimens were reported. Those members who are not collaborators are urged to study the list in connection with their own records. If any of you can add information please send it to me. All additional records will be welcome but we are most anxious to get more data from States where less than 20$ of the counties are included in the table. Certain States are noticeable by their absence (Delaware) or very scant data (Indiana). Surely someone has material from themj

Will some Canadian member please inform me of the number of counties or parishes in each of the Provinces? I would appreciate a reference to a list of the county names such as appears in the World Almanac for the States.

Three records in the table need verification: Megisto mitchellll from New Jersey is based upon an

old record of one specimen identified by Skinner and never again found; M. eurytus from Arizona and Idaho, each based on single specimens, the former in the Los Angeles Co. Museum, the latter in Dr. Cher-mock's collection with no other locality than wIdaho."

<qp>

The third series of data sheets, for Satyrodes* Coenonympha. and Eumenis. has been mailed. Any collaborator who has not received them should notify me immediately. If members of the Society would make county-by-county censuses of Satyridae this season it would add greatly to the value of the final distribution maps to accompany the NEARCTIC BUTTERFLIES.

<mP? In the task of preparing the summary of distributional data for each species for THE NEARCTIC BUTTERFLIES it is necessary that I check as many as possible of the published State and local lists of butterflies. Will the members of the Society please do this for me: 1) send me references to every such list for the States with which they are familiar with a comment on the completeness of the list as far as they have been able to verify it; 2) the references for any other lists of which they have knowledge; 3) copies of any lists that they may have in duplicate.

F. Martin Brown, Coordinating Editor

Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs, Colo.

PROVINCE OR STATE

fcS

MANITOBA

MINNESOTA

24.

NEW BRUNSWICK

3.7

NOVA SCOTIA

4.3

ONTARIO

NEBRASKA

2.1

QUEBEC

NEW HAMPSHIRE

60-

NEW JERSEY

24.

ALABAMA

7.5

NEW YORK

37.

ARIZONA

NEW MEXICO

eiT

NORTH CAROLINA

3J0 19

12.51 1.3

NORTH DAKOTA

CONNECTICUT

FLORCA

OHIO

PENNSYLVANIA

0jO

ILLINOIS

102

RHODE ISLAND

20.

SOUTH CAROLINA

4.31

IOWA

TENNESSEE

6.7

TEXAS

254

KENTUCKY

21.

LOUISIANA

4.7

MAINE

44.

WEST VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

12.5

WISCONSIN

M.I

MASSACHUSETTS

MICHIGAN

IDAHO

106

FIELD NOTES

Vol.Ill•nos•8-9

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES * >uw«°-7

BUTTERFLY REARING TECHNIQUES AND GLOVERIA CROSSES.-Last spring and summer, while persuading butterflies to oviposit in captivity, I was amazed how well the flower-pot-and-lamp system works. After failing to obtain eggs from two 59 of Pieris beckerii Edw., which I carried home in small cardboard containers in the car, I decided that they had become too hot. I took a gallon thermos jug with ice cubes in it on my next collecting trip. I placed the 55 in gauze-covered cartons that fit inside a tin can, which was suspended by a wire into the partially melted ice. The butterflies were quiet on the way home, and laid many eggs in captivity. This method has worked successfully on Melitaea wrightli Edw., M. gabbil Behr, Speverla macaria Edw., S. callippe cornstocki Gund., Phvciodes mvlltta Edw., Limenitls lorquini Bdv., and Lvcaena gorgon Bdv.; all laid numerous eggs. One S. callippe comstockl laid 190 eggs on dry violet leaves. The young larvae hatched, ate their egg shells, and went into hibernation immediately. The last of 32 Jj. lorquini larvae finished its hiberna-culum December 1st.

Minols silvestris Edw. and Coenonympha California West.& Hew., collected in our patio, refused to lay eggs with a 40-watt bulb over the flower pot but soon began to oviposit when I switched to a 25-watt bulb. After devouring their egg shells, the newly-hatched C. California hibernated*

A Heterochroa bredowii californica Butl. laid only one egg. The larva is so different from L. lorquini that it doesn't seem reasonable to me to classify both species in the genus Limenitls as has been done in the recent revision.

During September numerous Gloveria gargamelle medusa Stkr. d& were attracted to 00 in my house almost each day between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. A 0" medusa mated with a g G. arizonensis Pack, and a 9 medusa with a 0* arizonensis* Both crosses produced infertile eggs.

William H. Evans, Sun Valley, Calif.

COCOON WITH TWO PUPAE.- In about one bushel of cocoons of Samia walker! F.& F. collected in the city of New Haven late in January, one contained two pupae. The exterior of the cocoon was normally formed except for a slight constriction running half way around the middle. However, the silk seemed to be continuous and only one Ailanthus leaf was wrapped about the cocoon. On the inside the external depression became a smooth ridge encircling the cell, but it was not pronounced enough to separate the two pupae entirely, for the one in the upper part had partially crushed the other. Neither of the pupae was alive although one moth had half emerged from the upper one; the lower had never developed at all. Apparently it had been partly crushed just after its formation, before hardening of the pupal cuticle. Among the other cocoons several had a few threads in common or as many as five or six were found hanging from the same branch, but none of those examined had joined the cell as well as the silk. In order to do so the larvae would not Only have had to choose the same precise place but start spinning at the same time. The fact that the two pupae are in an upright position with only one opening into the cocoon suggests that the two started spinning separate cocoons and that the lower one in an attempt to keep its exit open thrust aside the threads of the other, with a single cocoon resulting.

R.W. Pease, Jr., New Haven, Conn.

The IXth International Congress of Entomology will be held in Amsterdam, Netherlands, from August 17 to 24., 1951. (The VIIIth Congress was held in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1948). Entomologists contemplating the trip to Amsterdam will receive the application forms and programs when issued if they write: The Secretariate, c/o Physiologisch Laboratorium, 136 Rapenburgerstraat, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Prof. Ralph W. Macy, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, whose planned book on the biology of North American butterflies was reported some time ago in the Lep. News, now has a substantial portion of the manuscript completed. However, there is still very much information which he is eager to get and he has sent a letter to Society members listing the points of special interest which active field workers can in many instances provide. He is especially hopeful of obtaining numerous first quality photographs, both in black-and-white and color, of all stages in natural habitats. The publisher will pay generously for photographs accepted and full credit will be given. Since the Macy book is not primarily taxonomic, it will not conflict with other works in preparation, such as Prof. Klots1 manual. It will instead be a companion volume to them. His work deserves the fullest immediate support.

Hugh B. Leech, curator at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, has sent us a number of separates of two of his short papers on Lep-idoptera. These are available on request from the Associate Editor of the Lep. News.

1. "The Occurrence of a Hollyhock-Seed Eater, Noc-tuella rufofascialls. at Vernon, British Columbia.tt (Proo. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia. 194-9).

2. "Flights of Nymphalls callfornica Bdv. in Brit* ish Columbia and Alberta in 1945.H (Can«Ent~1945).

Prof. Dr. HERMANN WEBER, the celebrated German entomologist best known internationally for his excellent textbook, Lehrbuch der Entomologie. is preparing a second edition of the Lehrbuch and has sent out a request for reprints on entomological subjects. He writes: "During the war I have lost my library, my collection of zoological papers and all my other possession. ... The conditions of public libraries in Germany are rather bad and will stay so for some time; at Tubingen foreign literature is scarcely available.11 His address is:

Prof. Dr. Hermann Weber

Zoologisches Institut

Holderlinstrasse 12

(Hb) Tubingen, (French Zone) GERMANY

At least the first 20 pages of the "Service Directory" have been issued by S.C. Carpenter, Box 1344, Hartford, Conn. The Directory is m5meographed and is a list of dealers of scientific supplies, arranged alphabetically by objects sold. While it is very incomplete, all potential purchasers of such supplies will undoubtedly find many useful references to dealers.

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS?

107

ff *■

BRIEF BIOGRAPHIES

20. Jacob Hubner (1761-1826)

In 1937 Francis Hemming, of London, published the results of an intensive and complete study of the entomological works of Jacob Hubner and settled so far as possible the doubtful dates of Hubnerfs publications. The tremendous zoological importance of a work of this kind testifies to the major position of its subject, for the dates of Hubner1s works affect the validity and use of a large portion of generic names of Lepidoptera. Mr. Hemming1s book*, contained in two large volumes, is an exceptionally fine piece of bibliographical research, and we are indebted to him and to the Royal Entomological Society of London for kindly giving permission to draw on the book for the material in this brief survey of Hubner!s life and work, and to reproduce the photograph above.

Jacob Hubner was born in Augsburg, Germany, on June 20, 1761, just three years after the publication of Linnaeus1 tenth edition of Systerna Naturaef a foundation-stone on which Hubner was later to build. Little is known about his early life. As a young boy he apparently excelled in school work, being especially talented at drawing. He was a keen observer of anything strange or interesting, and recorded his views in sketches. This may have introduced him to the world of insects. Upon completion of his schooling, he was apprenticed to an etcher or designer in the town. Augsburg was a cotton-weaving center, and the production of new prints was a special pride. Hubner proved successful in this

* Hemming, Francis, Hubner« A bibliographical and systematic account of the entomological works of Jacob Hubner. 2 vols, xxxiv 605 pp.; Royal Entomological Society of London. 1937.

work and obtained a good position at the conclusion of his apprenticeship.

Hubner1s interest in natural history probably emerged in his late teens or early twenties. In 1784. he made his first attempts at copper plate illustrations of Lepidoptera, thus beginning a career that produced an unbelievable number of masterfully executed plates of Lepidoptera. In 1785 his first publication appeared - sixteen pages and three plates of new and little-known species of Lepidoptera. In 1786 he began publishing the Beitrage zur Geschlchte der Schmetterlinge on the early stages of Lepidoptera, a pioneering emphasis on life history, and by 1790 two illustrated volumes had appeared.

A chance for the broadening of his entomological, as well as artistic, interests came when in 1786 he went to Niemierow, in the Ukraine (Russia) as a designer at a cotton factory. While there he did much Lepidoptera collecting and made a list of Ukrainian butterflies (never published). On the journey to and from Niemierow he was able to meet some foreign entomologists and inspect their collections and libraries. In 1789 he returned to Augsburg to continue his profession.

He made a small diversion into ornithology in 1793 with the publication of a work on birds and Lepidoptera. In later years he also wrote on such varied subjects as American Agaves, Bavarian land snails, and the city of Augsburg, but his work on Lepidoptera received the major part of his attention. At intervals of a few years appeared: the beginning of a synonymic catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the world; a large "monograph" of early stages of European Lepidoptera entitled Geschichte europaischer Schmetterlinge (1793), which contained at its conclusion 500 plates; and the initial parts (1796) of his great illustrated work on European Lepidoptera, Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge. with a total of 700 plates.

In 1793 Hubner married an Augsburg woman, Maria Domanal, and they enjoyed an unusually happy domestic life, unmarred except by the unavoidable misfortunes of war-produced financial troubles. After his marriage, Hubner evidenced a new spirit of confidence and vigor which is apparent in his work. There was one child of this marriage, a daughter, who affectionately cared for her father after the great sorrow of his wife's death about six years before his own, which occurred on September 13, 1826.

The famous and controversial Tentamen. a small pamphlet containing Hubnerfs new suggested classification for Lepidoptera, was distributed to his friends in 1805, though never "legally" published. It provided for nine"Phalanges"(« suborders), divided into "Tribus" (= family), and "Stirps" (= genus), an important advance over previous groupings. Hubner1s early works were based on the then-current division of the Lepidoptera into only two groups, as in Linnaeus' system, - all butterflies under Papillo and all moths under Phalaena, This was then modified in his works into subdivisions of the two groups, written with the new category name in parentheses between Papllio (or Phalaena) and the specific name. As his work progressed this was modified also, un-

108

J. Remington: BIOGRAPHY OF rUbNER

til in 1805 the Tentamen classification was produced.

As Hubner's geographical interests and contacts increased, his broadened outlook on Lepidoptera was shown by a publication on non-European fauna - Samm-lung exotlscher Schmetterlinge (1806), with the classification based on his Tentamen«

His most important work, both in his own opinion and that of others, Verzeichniss Bekannter Schmett-linge [sici] , a systematic and bibliographical catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the world containing hundreds of new generic names, gave the final revision of classification with two more divisions between "Stirps" and "Genus". "The essential soundness of these categories may be judged by the fact that in its broad outlines the classification adopted in the Verzeichniss remains the classification in force to-day M (Hemming). It is small wonder that Hubner's name remains so familiar in lepidopterology of the world even today, over 14-5 years after the Tentamen appeared.

Jeanne E. Remington

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL WORKS OF JACOB HUBNER

1785. Abbildungen und Beschreibungen noch nicht ab-gebildeter und noch unbeschriebener Schmetterlinge.

1786-90. Beitrage zur Geschichte der Schmetterlinge, 2 vols.

1793• Sammlung auserlesener Vogel und Schmetterlinge.

[1790] - [1793] • Der Schmetterlinge Lepidoptera Linnei, Europaisches Heer.

[1793] - [1842] . Geschichte europaischer Schmetterlinge.

1796-[1838] . Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge.

1796. Die Europalsche Schmetterlinge, Gesammlet [sicl] , Geordnet, und Beschrieben (modified edition of last-named publication).

1805. Tentamen (ruled never validly published, by International Commission on Zool. Nomenclature).

1806-[1838] . Sammlung exotlscher Schmetterlinge, 3 vols.

1808. Erste Zutrage zur Sammlung exotlscher Schmetterlinge (later, new text called Zutrage zur Sammlung exotlscher Schmettlinge [sici] , 5 vols. 1818-1837).

1816-[l826] . Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge(!).

1820. Lepidopterologische Zutrage.

1821. Index exoticorum Lepidopterorum.

1822. Systematisch-alphabetisches Verzeichniss aller bisher bey den Purblldungen zur Sammlung europaischer Schmetterlinge angegebenen Gattungsbenen-nungen.

1823. Verzeichniss aller bisher zur Geschichte europaischer Schmetterlinge, gesammelt von Jacob Hub-ner, in Augsburg, erschienenen Blatter der Larvae Lepidopterorum.

[1825]• Catalogue des Lepidopteres qui composent la Collection de feu Mr Franck (authorship anonymous).

Vol.Ill, nos.8-9

REVIEW OF McDUNNOUGH'S REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN EUPITHECIA*

The long-awaited revision of this difficult and ubiquitous genus for North America was issued on 22 August 1949 as a part of Volume 93 of the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History (New York). It is the culmination of a series of smaller papers on Euplthecla by Dr. McDunnough.

Only six new species are described in the present work and yet a glance at the List of Species (pp. 706-708) of Euplthecla and the very closely related Nasuslna and Prorella shows that there are now recognized for North America 145, 4, and 14 species, respectively, of the three genera, and 27 additional races of EupJJbhecia. Few genera of Lepidoptera can compare with this number of species, and Dr. McDunnough points out that there are even more Palearctic species of Euplthecla. It is remarkable that all these species are so relatively homogeneous that Dr. McDunnough, like the European specialists, has been unable to find grounds for dividing Euplthecla into smaller, more convenient genera. He even regards Nasusina and Prorella as so uncertain that he retains them as distinct genera "merely as a matter of conveniencert. Students of theoretical spe-ciation may find Euplthecla particularly intriguing material, since the species must have evolved to a point of distinctness through an unusual sequence of evolutionary events as compared to other groups of winged insects, in which fewer closely related entities now occur.

Dr. McDunnough discusses the structural characters he has used for classification and shows that the most valuable are male genitalia, female genitalia, and the dilation of the male antennae. He figures the genitalia for the major part of the species, and he presents photographs of the wing patterns of nearly all. He acknowledges the photographic aid of C.F. dos Passos, and presumably the photographic apparatus described in the Lepidopter-lsts1 News (vol.3: pp.41,42) was utilized. A particularly valuable feature of the illustrations is the inclusion of precise locality data for each figure.

The treatment of every species usually includes: l) detailed bibliographic synonymy; 2) comparative discussion of wing pattern; 3) detailed description and notes on variations of male genitalia and female genitalia; 4) data and present location of types; 5) complete distribution; 6) all available information on life history; 7) notes on specimens figured.

The printing of the text of the revision is of fine quality and it is surprising to find the reproduction of figures rather poor. Details of the figures of genitalia are frequently badly blurred and the printing of the photographs rarely does justice to what presumably were clear originals.

The price of this important publication is stated to be $2.50 per copy. It may be obtained from: The American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St., New York 24, N.Y.

C.L. Remington

*See Recent Lit. #270, on p.110 of this issue of the Lep. News, for complete reference.

Nov.-Dec. 194-9

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS

109

RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA

234. Antram, Chas. B., wNote on the Butterflies of the New Forest in 1949." Ent. Rec. & Journ. Var., vol. 61: pp.111-112. Nov. 1949.

235. Beebe, William, "Insect Migration at Rancho Grande in North-central Venezuela. General Account." Zool-Qgica (N.Y.), vol.34: pp.107-110, 2 pis. 10 Aug.1949. Records vast annual migrations, mainly of Lepidopte-ra, through Portachuelo Pass, Venezuela. Found recurrent waves, each up to 3 weeks duration, of few species. Normal flight characteristics of any species remain same in migration. Both sexes present and 90. gravid. No return flight occurs. Estimates made of 1000 per second passing through the Pass. Detailed reports to follow. (C.R.)

236. Bentinck, G.A., "Paltodora cyteisella Curt, grls-eocapltella nov. var." (In Dutch). Tijdschr. voor Entomol., vol.90, 1946: pp.43-44. 1 July 1949. A new variety captured in Holland much deviating from the typical form is described and d* genitalia figured (fam. Gelechiidae). (A.D.)

237. Blackwelder, Richard E., "Citing Literature in the Coleopterists1 Bulletin." Coleop. Bull., vol.3: PP.55-59. 29 Aug. 1949. Useful guide for abbreviating titles. (C.R.)

238. Blackwelder, Richard E., "Synonyms and Genotypes." Coleop. Bull., vol.3: pp.73-75. 8 Nov. 1949. Maintains that name to be used is actually "senior synonym", name usually known as "synonym" should be called "junior synonym". Simple, clear discussion of use of generotypes (= "genotypes"), but one impractical contention: "no writer should ever describe a new species in a genus whose genotype has not been determined and is believed to be congeneric with the new species." (C.R.)

239. Borey, Paul, "Le Carpocapse des pommes, Enarmonia pomonella L., ravageur des abricots en Valais." (in French). Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges., vol.22: pp.137-172, 15 figs. 30 July 1949. Biology of pomonella and control measures against it are described. f?.Bj

240. Bourgogne, J., "Note sur la systematique des Lep-idopteres et creation de deux superfanri lies" (In French). Rev. Franc. Ent.. vol.16: pp.74-77. 1949. Erects the superfamilies ERI0CRANI0IDEA, including Eriocraniidae, and CALLIDULOIDEA, including the Pter-othysanidae and Callidulidae. Discusses also the other bombycid families and redefines the superfamily Bombycoidea. (P.B.)

241. Capps, Hahn W., "Status of the Pyraustid Moths of the Genus Leucinodes in the New World, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species." Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol.98: pp.69-83, pis.5-10. 19487 "Shows generotype of Leucinodes to be orbonalis Guen. Erects new genera NE0LEUCIN0DES (type - elegantalis Guen.), PR0LEUCIN0DES (type - melanoleuca Hamps.), and EULEUCINODES (type - conifrons sp.n.). Includes in Neoleucinodess elegantulus: dissolvens: prophet-ica: torvis. sp.n. (Santiago, Cuba): imperJalls. Includes in Proleuclnodes: melanoleuca: xylopastalis: lucealis. Includes in Euleucinodes only conifrons (Rio Morona, Peru). Removes impuralis from Leucinodes. Describes pattern and genitalia, gives host plants, distributions, and detailed figures. (C.R.)

242. Cockayne, E.A., "Arctia caja L.: its variation and Genetics." Proc. & Trans. So. London Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: pp.155-191, 2 pis. March 1949. Gives descriptions of all known local races and aberrations; describes and names 30 new aberrations, of which 18 are figured in color. Gives notes on the effect of temperature and narcotics on wing pattern development; outlines all known information on genetics of the various forms. A noteworthy paper, aside from the burden of aberration nomenclature. (P.B.)

243. Collenette, C.L., "The Lymantriidae of Bali." Eg-tomologlstr vol.82: pp.169-175, 1 pi. Aug. 1949. " Lists, with notes, all species recorded (51). Describes as new: Euproctis ball: E. psammoldes: E. at-rlsignata pega: Dura eucraera: Perina tamsl: P. kalis! , all from Bali, c? genitalia of all 6 figured.

U^B.)

244. Corbet, A. Steven, "The Linnaean names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Part 6. The case of Papllio plexippus Linnaeus, 1758." Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (B), vol.18: pp.184-190. 17 Oct. 1949. This name is properly applicable to the oriental Danaus genu-tia: but recommends because of usage that it be retained for the North American Monarch. (So decided by the International Commission). (P.B.)

245. Corbet, A. Steven, "The Linnaean Names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Part 7. Summary of determinations." Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond., vol.18: pp.191-199. 17 Oct. 1949. Includes an annotated list of all species of •Pajgilio1 described from this region

by Linnaeus, with their currently accepted names.(P.Bj

246. Donohoe, H.C., P. Simmons, D.F. Barnes, G.H. Kalo-ostian, C.K. Fisher, & C. Helnrich, "Biology of the Raisin Moth." JJ.S. Dept. Aerr. Tech. Bull., no. 994: 23 pp., 1 pl.,5 figs. Sept. 1949. Exhaustive account of distribution, habitat, habits, enemies of Ephestia flgulella. Detailed descriptions and figures of ova, larvae, pupa, adult, including d' and 9 genitalia, larval cranial and setal characters. (C.R.)

247. Dufrane, Abel, "Note sur les Danaidae" (In French). Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol.17: pp.192-194.

Dec. 1948. Notes on range and variation of 26 sop. Names and describes 23 aberrations (including 3, WITHOUT LOCALITY, of D. plexippus). Hardly a contribution to science! (P.B.)

248. Eliot, Nevill, "The Significance of the Wing Pattern of Precis (Nymphalidae) In America." Entomologist, vol.82: pp.176-184. Aug.1949. Notes on phylogeny and zoogeographical aspects of wing pattern. (P.B.)

249. Franclemont, John G., "A New Moth on Coconut from Cuba, with Descriptions of New Genera for Related Species (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae)." Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol.51: pp.279-285, 3 pis. Dec. 1949. Erects new genera: ECHINOCAMPA (type - cocophaga. sp.n.); ELEGOCAMPA (type - Herinl nodes catharlna): RHAMN0CAMPA (type - albistriga). The 3 plates figure the <f and

q genitalia and the wing venations. (C.dP.) 256. Freeman, H.A., "A Summary of New Butterflies from Texas." Texas Journ. Sci., vol.1: pp.40-41. 30 Sept. 1949. Abbreviated bibliography listing 40 new records and species descriptions. (P.B.)

251. Freeman, T.N., "The identity of Malacosoma fragile (Stretch) and M. lutescens (N.& D.)(Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)." Can. Ent.. vol.81: p.233. Sept. 1949. Considers the latter name applicable to the Canadian prairie species. The author claims that the former name should be written fragile« not fra-gftlis as it was proposed. [That is an error. Fra-gilis-e is a Latin adjective of the third declension. Fragllls is both the masculine and feminine, hence it must be used in connection with the feminine generic name Malacosoma. in conformity with the Article 14a of the Rules of Zoological Nomenclature.] (C.dP.)

252. Grison, P. & R. Roehrich, "Coraparaison du develop-pement des chenille3 d'Operophtera brumata L. (Lep. Geometridae) et Euprotls [sicl] phaeorrhooa Don. (Lep. Liparidae) a differentes temperatures constan-tes." Bull. Soc. Ent. France, vol.54: pp.12-16. Jan. 1949. Found both spp. developed successively more rapidly at 10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, but mortality lowest at 25° for phaeorrhoea and at 10° for brumata. 15 references. (C.R.)

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Vol.Ill, nos.8-9

253. Hardy, George A., "Notes on the Life History of Xanthorhoe defensaria Gn. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae).11 Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia, vol.45: pp.17-19.

28 July 1949. Ova from captive 9; larvae reared on Stellaria media; total larval period (4 instars) -34 days, pupal period - 25 days. Rearings at room temp, in winter (ova did not diapause). Suggests all named forms of defensaria are seasonal. All instars and pupa described In detail; no figures. (C.R.)

254. Harper, G.W#, "Notes on a Brood of Nymphalis poly-chloros L." Entomologist,vol.82: pp. 185-187. Aug.1949.

255. Havas, L.J.,& J. Kahan, "Hormone-Mimetic and Other Responses of the Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) to Some Polypioidogenic Substances." Nature, vol.161: pp. 570-571, 1 fig. 10 April 1948. Reports production of morphological abnormalities by treatment with colchicine and acenaphthene, and effect of colchicine in accelerating development. (P.B.)

256. Hedges, A.V., "Technique of Breeding Lepidoptera." Proc. & Trans. So. London Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc.f 1947-48: pp.74-81. March 1949." Notes on a number of British spp.; a few "forms" seem, on the basis of breeding experience, to be distinct species. Brief summary of general technique. (P.B.)

257. Hinton, H.E., "On the Function, Origin, and Classification of Pupae." Proc. & Trans. So. London Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 1947-48: pp.111-154, 39 figs. " March 1949. Regards pupal stage as first imaginal instar, homologous with subimago of mayflies. The pupa is best explained as a device to permit development of imaginal muscles in a mold of same form as imago, in insects in which latter differs in form from larva. Divides pupae into 2 types: decticous, with functional mandibles for escape from cocoon (primitive), and adecticous, without functional mandibles; the latter group includes obtect and exarate subtypes. Discusses pupal evolution in many orders, especially Lepidoptera and Diptera. Again considers Micropterygidae as distinct order Zeugloptera. (P.B.)

258. Hovanitz, William, "Occurrence of Parallel Series of Associated Physiological and Morphological Characters in Diverse Groups of Mosquitoes and Other Insects." Contrlb. lab. Vert. Biol., no.32: 24 pp. Feb. 1947. Includes Collas and Euphydryas chalce-dona in generalizations that related species or forms with higher metabolic rates: have greater adult activity; mate in smaller space in lab.; prefer hotter and direr environment; have less melanin: have darker pterines; are worse pest to man. (C.R.)

259. Huggins, H.C., "Two New Varieties of Peronea cris-tana." Entomologist, vol.82: p.156. July 1949.

Two aberrations are named. (P.B.)

260. Hulls, L.G., "An Ingenious Method of Forcing Pupae Employed by Reaumur." Entomologist, vol.82: pp. 154-155. July 1949. Pupae are put in glass balls, which are then incubated by a hen. [This paper is a translation from a French memoir of 1736.] (P.B.)

261. Jacobs, S.N.A., "The British Lampronldae and Adel-idae." Proc. & Trans. So. London Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 1947-48:~"pp.209-219, 1 pi. March 1949. Excellent summary of the British species, covering imaginal characters, distribution, food plants, and larval habits. Keys to genera and species given; all (26) spp. are figured in color. (P.B.)

262. Jones, J.R.J. Llewellyn, "An Experiment with Larvae of Lambdina fiscellaria somnlaria Hulst." Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia, vol.45: P.6. 28 July 1949. Larvae of somnlaria from Oak transferred to Hemlock with good results, though average size was distinctly reduced. Also found that larvae from Hemlock accepted Oak. Evidence supports Capps1 sinking of somnlaria and lugubrosa as races of fiscellaria (Geometridae). (C.R.)

263. Katwijk, D. van, "Overzicht van de lichtvangst van Lepidoptera in 1948" (In Dutch). Entomol. Ber-lchten, vol.12: pp.400-401. 1 July 1949. Gives record of collecting in 1948 in Holland: at light, bad; on catkins, reasonable; on sugar, bad. (A.D.)

264. Lambert, Robert, et al, "Annual Report of the Forest Insect Survey." Dept. of Agr. Canada: 124 pp., maps. 1949. Summary of 1948 abundance and destruction by forest insects in Canada. Special attention given to Acleris varlana. Hemerocampa leu-cos tigma. H. pseudotsugata. Lambdina fiscellaria. L. somnlaria. Malacosoma disstrla. M. pluvialeP Coleo-phora laricella. C.salmani. Choristoneura fumiferanaf Stllpnotia salicisf Alsophlla pometarla. Paleacrita vernataf Dioryctrla reniculella. Rhyaclonla buollanaf Anisota rublcunda, Recurvaria miller!f and others. Important for later phenological reference. (C.R.)

265. Leech, Hugh B., "The Occurrence of a Hollyhock-Seed Eater, Noctuelia rufofascialls. at Vernon, British Columbia (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)." Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia, vol.45: pp.25-26, 2 figs. 28 July 1949. Description of habits and of heavy infestation of hollyhocks in 1945. Drawings of adult and mature larva given. (C.R.)

266. de Lesse, H., "Hlpparchla fagl Scop, et H. a el la Hoffm." (In French!.Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon. vol.17: pp.123-129. Sept. 1948. Reviews the work of Fruhstorfer and Hemming on these satyrids, and gives his own conclusions as to their status: fagl and aelia fly together over much of Europe but are quite distinct; H. ellena from N. Africa and H. sy,-riaca from S.E. Europe and the Near East are close "k° iJ» aelia* Species distinctions are based mainly on genitalia and 'Jollien's organ1 on the d* 8th abdominal segment, which are described but unfortunately not figured. (P.B.)

267. Lewin, Anders, "Notes on Fumea Haw. and Proutla Tutt. (Lep.)." (In English). Ent. Tidskrlft. vol. 70: pp.155-170, 7 figs. 1949. Describes new subgenus ANAPROUTIA (type: norvegica Schoy) of genus Proutla. Because of aculei on forewing, claims Proutla. Masonla. Fumea. Bacotia, Talaeporia are not Psy-chidae but actually Tinelna and form the family Fume-idae. Gives detailed figures of many structures of several spp. of Proutla. Masonla, Fumea. Maintains strongly that Fumea is not parthenogenetlc, as claimed by some authors. Describes habits of many spp. (C.R.)

268. Lucas, Daniel, "Contribution a la Faune des Lep-idopteres de l'Afrique du Nord." Bull. Soc. Ent. France, vol.54? P«96. June 1949. Describes as new very briefly, mainly in Latin without figures: "Py-ralis Mariae Ludovicae. n.sp.", Heterographls sfaj[-ella. 2 named varieties and 2 named aberrations, all from Tunis. The Pyralis specific name is polynomial and therefore not valid under the Regies. This paper looks like something of 1825 vintage. (C.R.)

269. DeLucca, C,, "Microlepidoptera New to the Maltese Islands." Entomologist, vol.82: pp.148-149. July 1949. 12 hitherto unrecorded spp. listed. (P.B.)

270. McDunnough, James H., "Revision of the North American Species of the Genus Eupithecla (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)." Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.93: PP.533-728, pls.26-32, 20 figs. 22 Aug. 1949. Tentatively keeps Nasusina and Prorella as distinct genera. Describes as new: Eupithecla slossonata (Fla.); E. ieiunata (Georgetown, Tex.); E. rindgei (Keddief Calif.); E. redingtonia (Redington, Ariz.); E. ces-tatoldes THalf Moon Bay, Calif.); P. ochrocarneata (Huachuca Mts., Ariz.); P. tremorata (Borego, Calif J. Figures d* and 9 genitalia of most. Gives photos of 209 adults. (See review on p. 108 of present issue of Lep. News.) (C.R.)

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111

RECENT LITERATURE ON LEPIDOPTERA - cont.

271. McDunnough, James H., flA Study of the Species of the Genus Stretchia (Lepidoptera, Phalaenidae, Hade-ninae).'1 Amer. Museum Novltates. no.K36: 29, pp., 4 figs. 21 Nov. 1949. Describes as new: S, pictipen-nis (Mohawk, Calif.), S. pacifica (Inverness, Calif.). Redescribes in detail, with genitalia, S. jd^. plusll-formis, S. jdI. coloradicola. S. primaf S. inferiorP

S. muricina. Figures 9 antennae of most, d* genitalia of all but prima and plctlpennis. $ genitalia of prima and muricina* (C.R.)

272. Michelbacher, A.E., W.W. Middlekauff, & N.B. Akes-son, "Caterpillars Destructive to Tomato." Calif. Agr. Exper. Sta. Bull,, no.707: 47 pp., 19 figs.

May 1948. Brief descriptions and figures of adults, larvae, and biology in California of Heliothis armi-gera, H. phloxiphaga, Prodenia praeficaf Laphygma exlguaf Autographa caiifornlcaf Keiferia lycopersl-cella. Gnorimpschema operculella. Phlegethontius sex-tus, P. quinquemaculatus. Mainly devoted to chemical control.(C.R.)

273. Michener, Charles D., "New Genera and Subgenera of Saturniidae (Lepidoptera)." Joura. Kansas Ent. Soc., vol.22: pp.142-147. Oct. 1949. Validates new names used in paper in Evolution (see Lep. News 3: p.81, #212). Large revision to appear later. In following list, types are in parentheses - ( )• Describes as new genera: CER0P0DA (iohnsoni sp.n.); PSIL0PYG0IDES (oda): PSILOPYGIDA (crispula): CALLO-DIRPHIA (arpi): TRAVASSOSULA (subfumata): ADETOMERIS (ervthrops): EUBERGIOIDES (bertha): AUTOMERINA (cau-datula): CERODIRPHIA (rubripes). New subgenera are: of Citheronia. PR0CITHER0NIA (fenestrata) and CITH-ERONULA (armata): of Svssphinx. BOUVIERINA (hogel): of Adelocephala. OITICICIA (purpurascens): of Adel-pwalkeria, CERATESA (hemirhoda) and SCOLESA (totoma) and MEGACERESA (pulchra) and PTIL0SC0LA (lllaclna): of Automeris, AUTOMERELLA (flexuosa) and AUT0MER0I-DES (orneates) and RACHESA (adusta): of Automerinaf AUTOMERULA (auletes); of Ormiscodes, DIRPHIELLA (al-bofasciata) and XANTHODIRPHIA (amarilla) and PARA-DIRPHIA (coprea) and RHODIRPHIA (carminata) and MER0LEUC0IDES (flavosignata) and CERODIRPHIA (rubripes).New species is Ceropoda ,1 ohnsonl (Matto Gros-so, Brazil). Dysdaemonia. Titaea. Paradaemonia. Ar-senura placed as subgenera of Rhescyntis: Pseudoha-zis a subgenus of Hemlleuoa: Calosaturnia and Aga-pema a subgenera of Saturnia; Saturnioides and Sagana "congeneric with" Copaxa; Callosamla and Eupackardia "weak subgenera of Hyalophora (= Platysaiiiia)" : Telea a synonym of Antheraeal(C.R.)

274. Munroe, Eugene, "Some Remarks on the orithya group of the genus Junonia (Lep., Nymphalidae)." Entomolo-glstf vol.82: pp.157-158. July 1949.

275. Murray, Desmond P., "Adela viridella Scop." Proc. & Trans. So. London Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 1947-48: pp.192-193, 1 pi. March 1949. Notes. Figures all stages, especially pupa with elongate antennal cases spirally coiled about tip of abdomen; also figures & and q genitalia. (P.B.)

276. Niemierko, W., "Fatty Acid Metabolism in Silk Worm Larvae" (in Polish, Engl. Summ.). Acta Biol. Exper.. vol.U: pp.137-150, 2 figs. 1947. Fatty acid content increases during last larval instar, but decreases about 12$ during cocoon formation. Degree of unsaturation increases in both periods. (P.B.)

277. Niemierko, W., "Contribution to the Biochemistry of Metamorphosis of Silk VJorm" (In Polish, Engl. Summ.). Acta Biol. Exper.. vol.14.: pp.151-155. 19^7. 4.0$ decrease in fat during metamorphosis; relative effects on different fatty fractions. (P.B.)

278. Percy-Lancaster, S., "The Butterfly Danaus chry-sippus in Calcutta." Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.48: pp.381. Apr. 1949.

279. Picard, J.. "Sur quelques Hesperiides d'Afrique (Lepidoptores)" (In French). Rev, franc. Ent., vol. 16: pp.147-152, 3 figs. 194.9. Describes as new: TAVETANA (type - ieanneli (British East Africa) ) (venation and & genitalia figured); Pelopidas rouee-oti (Gaboon) (^genitalia figured); Xanthodlsca vib-lus rega. form evansi (Sierra Leone). PlacesCelae-norrhinus brvkl as a race of C. galenus. (P.57)

280. Rindge, Frederick H., "A Revision of the Geomet-rid Moths Formerly Assigned to Drepanulatrix (Lepidoptera)." Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol.94: PP. 231-298, H figs. 17 Nov. 1949. Describes as new: EUDREPANULATRIX (type - rectifascia); APODREPANULA-TRIX (type - liberaria) (also includes litarla): Drepanulatrix quadraria usta (Inverness, Calif.). Synonymizes ella and ida under D. unicalcarariaf rindgearia under D. hulstil verdlaria. pulveraria under D. foemlnariaP lutearla under D. c.. carneariaf callforniaria and ferruglnosaria under D. monicaria, and helena under A. liberaria. Places as subspecies verdlaria under D. hulstil. ruthiarla under D. bifl-lata, columbaria under D. carnearla. Redescribes in detail all other species and races listed in the 1938 McDunnough Check List. Gives keys to adults, & genitalia, $ genitalia, and larvae of the 3 genera and to pupae of all but Eudrenanulatrlx. Gives keys to adults and d* and $ genitalia of all spp. and to larvae and pupae of monicariaT carneariaf baueraria. Gives large distributional maps and table of flight periods of all spp. and races. Figures details of o^ and 9 genitalia of all spp. Presents all available notes on biology. An exceptionally thorough work. (C.R.)

281. da Rocha, Newton, "Notas biologicas sobre o esfin-gideo Erlnnyis ello L., 1758" (In Portuguese). Bol. Seer. Agr.. Indust. Comercio. Est. PernambucofBrasilP vol.15: pp.398-399, 1 pi. July-Dec. 1948. Notes on parasitism by fly, Belvosia bifasciata. (P.B.)

282. Root, Oscar M., "Mimicry of the Monarch Butterfly by the Viceroy." Turtox News, vol.27: pp.153-154. July 1949. Protests against continued spread of old view that Viceroy mimics Monarch butterfly to gain protection from birds, arguing that virtually all butterflies are safe from birds. (C.R.)

283. Rougeot, P.C., "Description de quelques Saturnides du Gabon" (In French). Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyonf vol.17: pp.7-10, 1 pi. Jan. 1948. Describes as new: Nudaurelia dlonyslae. Drepanoptera berliozl. D. tor-quata form testouti. all from single specimens, all from Gabon. Figures these and the recently described $ of D. rectifascia. (P.B.)

284.. Rougeot, P.C., "Premiere capture de Nudaurelia bouvieri Le Moult au Gabon" (In French). Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon, vol.17: p.155. Oct. 1948.

285. Rupert, Laurence R., "Notes on the group of genera including Lozogramma Stephens and its allies (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae)." Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol.51: pp.137-151. 2 pis. Aug. 1949. Discusses the genera Phlledia. Thallophaga, Gueneria. Homochlodes, Lozogramma. Tacparia. and Pachycnemia. giving their gener©types. Mentions some of their included species and proposes new combinations for some of them. The figures are excellent. (C.dP.)

286. Schwanwitsch, B.N., "Evolution of the wing-pattern in the Lycaenid Lepidoptera." Proc. Zool. Soc. London. vol.119: pp.189-263, 337 figs. May 1949. Continues the author's long series of studies of wing pattern evolution in Lepidoptera. (P.B.)

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Vol.Ill, nos#8-9

287. Sevastopulo, D.G., "A Supplementary List of the Food-Plants of the Indian Bombycidae, Agaristidae and Noctuidae." Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol, 48: pp.265-276. Apr. 1949* Collects food-plant records from literature and adds a few new ones, for families Zygaenidae, Syntomidae, Arctiidae, Lymantri-idae, Thaumatopoeidae, Lasiocampidae, Eupterotidae, Bombycidae, Drepanidae, Saturniidae, Notodontidae, Limacodidae, Psychidae, Thyrididae, Indarbelidae, Cossidae, Agaristidae, Noctuidae. Some error in titling this paper must have been made. (C.R.)

288. Sevastopulo, D.G., "The Butterfly Genus Delias." Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol.-48: pp.378-379* Apr. 1949. Notes on distastefulness of butterflies in all stages. (C.R.)

289. Smith, Ray F., D.E. Bryan, & W.W. Allen, "The relation of flights of Collas to larval population density." Ecology, vol.30: pp.288-297, 7'figs. July 1949. Study of C. eurytheme made in alfalfa fields near Westley, Calif. Found large flights made into fields with alfalfa less than 8" tall. Larval samples taken by sweeping. (C.R.)

290. Steinhaus, Edward A., "A new disease of The Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma margaritosa (Haw.)." Science. vol.106: p.323. 3 Oct. 1947.

291. Steinhaus, Edward A. & Clarence G. Thompson, "Granulosis Disease in the Buckeye Caterpillar, Junonia coenia Hubner." Science, vol.110: pp.276-278, 1 fig, 16 Sept. 1949.

292. Steyskal, George C#, "An Indexing System for Tax-onomists." Coleop. Bull., vol.3: pp.65-71. 8 Nov. 1949. Sets forth technique for keeping species and bibliographic files. (C.R.)

293♦ Temple, Vere, "The Courtship Flight of Butterflies as the Means of Extending the Range of Certain Species." Entomologist, vol.82: pp.145-147. July 1949.

294. Testout, H., "Revision du Catalogue des especes francaises du genre Erebia (Lepid. Satyridae), 6me-8*e parties" (In French). Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lvonf vol.17: pp.90-98, 116-122, 147-154. June, Sept., Oct. 1948. Conclusion of the series. Completes the descriptions of individual forms, gives an addendum of new locality records and a summary catalogue of all forms. Describes as new: E. meo-lans stygne form rleli (S.E. France). (P.B.)

295. Testout, H., "Description de nouveaux Drepanop-tera africains et revision du groupe d'antlnorii Obth." (In French). Bull.Mens.Soc.Linn.Lyon, vol.17: pp.189-191. Dec. 1948. Describes as new: D. racun-oides (Gold Coast); D. ugandensis (British E.Africa). Groups latter with antinorii and marginimacula. Describes pattern and c? genitalia of all 4 spp. (P.B.)

296. Townes, Henry, "The effectiveness of DDT against dermestids in insect boxes." Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.. vol.51: pp.165-168, 1 table. Aug. 1949. The results indicate that DDT has some value against dermestids, but is no sure preventative. (C.dP.)

297. Viette, P., "Contribution a l'etude des Hepiali-dae (7® Note). Le genre Trichophassus Le Cerf." Bull. Soc. Ent. France, vol.54: PP.72-73, 3 figs. May 1949. Shows validity of genus, describing external characters and $ and & genitalia, figuring latter and antennae. (C.R.)

298. Viette, Pierre E.L., "Catalogue of Heterocerous Lepidoptera from French Oceania." Pacific Sciencef vol.3: pp.315-337. Oct. 1949. Lists 402 species distributed as follows: 6 Tineidae; 17 Lyonetiidae; 2 Plutellidae; 6 Gracilariidae; 2 Coleophoridae; 3 Hyponomeutidae; 1 Elachistidae, 10 Glyphipterygidae; 5 Schreckensteiniidae; 1 Copromorphidae; 1 Orneodi-dae; 3 Carposinidae; 1 Oecophoridae; 46 Cosmopteryg-idae; 6 Gelechiidae; 16 Eucosmidae; 24 Tortricidae; 2 Limacodidae; 94 Pyralidae; 3 Pterophoridae; 1 Thy-

rididae; 17 Sphingidae; 39 Geometridae; 1 Uraniidae; 1 Epiplemidae; 2 Amatidae; 15 Lithosiidae (incl. Arctiidae); 75 Noctuidae; 1 Lymantriidae. Distributions included. Extensive list of references given. All such catalogues are valuable, but soundness of such artificial geographic limitation seems doubtful. (C.R.)

299. Viette. P., "Contribution a l^e'tude des Micropter-ygidae (5 Note). Position systematique de la fam-ille (Lepidoptera") (In French). Rev. Franc,. Ent.. vol.16: pp.69-73. 1949. Historical review and discussion of the position of this family. Prefers to retain them in the Lepidoptera. (P.B.)

300. Wagner, Warren H., Jr., & David F. Grether, "The Butterflies of the Admiralty Islands." Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum, vol.98: pp.163-186, pis. 11-13. 1948. Notes on 69 spp. - 16 new records for Admiralties, 33 recorded before, 20 not found by present authors. Photos of 13 spp. from Admiralties, Yoma algina from Solomons. No notes on early stages. Jc.R.)

301. Wakely, S., "Occurrence of a Species of Blastoba-sis resembling decolorella Wollaston in South London." Proc. & Trans. So. London Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 1947-48? pp.205-209, 2 figs. March 1949. New species for England, perhaps introduced. Habits discussed; tf and $> genitalia figured. (P.B.)

302. Warren, B.C.S., "A Note on the Central European Races of Papilio machaon and Their Nomenclature." Entomologist, vol.82: pp.150-153. July 1949. (P.B.)

303. Wellington, Eunice F., "Artificial Media for Rearing some Phytophagous Lepidoptera." Nature, vol. 163: pp.574-575. 9 Apr. 1949. Summarizes studies on developing artificial rearing media for Choristo-neura fumiferana. Archips rosaceana. A. fervida, and Dioryctrla reniculella in Canada. A most remarkable advance. (C.R.)

304. Westerneng, R., "Pontia daplidice L." (in Dutch). Entomol. Berlchten. vol.12: p.381. 21 May 1949. Gives collecting notes on daplidice in Holland. (A.D.)

305. Wichra, Jaroslav, "Hojny vyskyt vakonose Sterrhop-teryx standfussi H.Schaff. v Krkonosfch. (Lep.)"

(In Czech).Acta Soc. Ent. Cechoslovenlae. vol.46: pp.73-74. 1 Feb. 1949.

306. Wightman, A.J., "Noctuae of Pulborough, Sussex, in 1948." Ent. Rec. & Journ. Var., vol.61: pp.76-78. July-Aug. 1949. "

307. Wild, E.H., "Saturnla pavonia ab. (Lep. Saturniidae) flariocellatus nov." (sicl) Entomologist. vol.80: p.147, 2 figs. June 1947. "

308. Williams, C.M., "Extrinsic Control of Morphogenesis as Illustrated in the Metamorphosis of Insects." Growth, vol.12, suppl.: pp.6l-74, 2 figs. 1948. Summarizes his work on control of diapause of the Ce-cropia silkworm. (P.B.)

309. Wiltshire, E.P., "Some More New Records of Lepidoptera from Cyprus, Iraq and Iran." Ent. Rec. & Journ. Var., vol.61: pp.73-76. July-Aug. 1949.""

310. Wisselingh, T.H. van, "Lepidoptera in 1947" (In Dutch). Tiidschr. voor Entomol., vol.91, Verslag: pp.XXI-XXII. 1 May 1949. Collecting notes on Mac-rolepidoptera in Holland in 1947. (A.D.)

311. Worm-Hansen, J.G., "A Gynandromorphic Moth". Ent. Meddelelser, vol.25: p.221. 15 June 1948. Figures bilateral gynandromorph of Stygiostola umbratica. (P.B.)

312. Wright, Albert E., "Note on the Foodplant of Pha-lonia lurjldana, Gregson." Ent. Rec. & Journ. Var., tfol.59r pp.69-70. June 1947. Bred from burdock, Arctium lappa. (P.B.)

313* Zamecnik, Paul C., Robert B. Loftfield, Mary L. Stephenson,& Carroll M. Williams,"Biological Synthesis of Radioactive Silk." Science, vol.109: pp. 624-626, 2 figs. 24 June 1949. Produced by injecting C^-labelled glycine and alanine into Platysamia cecropla larvae. (P.B.)

Nov.-Dec. 1949

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS

113

NOTICES BY MEMBERS

All members may use this column to advertise their offerings and needs in Lepidoptera. There is no cost for this service. Unless withdrawn sooner by the member, each notice will appear in THREE issues.

Lepidoptera from FLORIDA and WISCONSIN, a lot of over 2000 specimens, about 300 species, pinned and in papers. Want to sell the lot at bargain price. Send for list. Alex K. Wyatt, 5842 N. Kirby Ave., Chicago 30, Illinois.

Wanted: To exchange good used copy of Holland's MOTH BOOK for copy of revised edition of the BUTTERFLY BOOK in good used condition. L.H. Bridwell, Forestburg, Texas.

Wish to exchange about 200 MANITOBA MOTHS, about 50 species, half named, full data. Desire exotic Rhopalocera, particularly Morpho. What offers for the lot? C.S. Quelch, Transcona, Manitoba, Canada.

For sale: JAPANESE Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphal-idae, and Sphingidae with all correct data supplied. Listings sent on request. M.W. Osborne, 2100 Price St., Rahway, New Jersey.

For exchange: The Spider Book, revised ed. Comstock; Hand Book of Frogs and Toads, Wright and Wright; The Grasshopper Book, Bronson; also Pennsylvania fossils. Desire 9 specimens of Speyerla diana or Papilio ponceana } ord1 with data. J.A. Evey, Benson, Illinois.

EUROPEAN PARNASSIIDAE in papers (full data, exact names, perfect condition) for sale or in exchange for North American Papilionidae and Parnassiidae in papers. Dr. W.J. Reinthal, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.

For exchange:NORTHWESTERN WASHINGTON moths and butterflies collected last season. Desire Australian or any tropical Lepidoptera. Mrs. Emily Henriksen, Orcas Island, East Sound, Washington.

A complete line of entomological equipment and specimens is now available: insect boxes, mounting boards, nets, pins, Rikers, etc., as well as hundreds of species of tropical and N.Am. Lepidoptera. Price lists sent free upon request. Robert G. Wind, Rt. U5f Buena Vista, Livermore, California.

California Academy of Sciences drawers for sale. 17 x 19 x 2 1/2 inches, white lined composition bottom, double strength glass top, hand-rubbed clear lacquer finish, complete with hardware. 16.00 each, 165.00 doz. Cabinets available. Bio Metal Associates, P.O. Box 346, Beverly Hills, California.

Wanted: Papilionidae of world, especially Archon, Hrpermnestra. Zerynthia, Baronia and Eurycus. Have for exchange many species of Japanese Rhopalocera. Yoshio Okada, Yanagida-Cho, Saga, Kyoto, JAPAN.

Wanted: Basswood mounting strips in all sizes. M.E. Cady, 21 Border St., Dedham, Massachusetts.

Spanish Lepidoptera for sale or exchange. Want American, Indo-Australian, etc. Rhopalocera and Macro-he terocera. H. Flores & J. Vives, 17 Plaza Lesseps, Barcelona, SPAIN.

For sale: Ecuadorian butterflies from both slopes of Andes, collected by William Clark-Macintyre. Prices PER 100 for average material as follows:

Papilio - $15.00; Pieridae - $6.00; Ithomidae -$6.00; Heliconiidae - $8.00; Satyridae - $7.00; Nymphalidae, common - $6.00; Nymphalidae, uncommon - $12.00; Lycaenidae & Erycinidae, common - $7.00; Hesperiidae - $5.00. Rarer material such as Morpho. CaligoP Brassolis, and material selected by genus or species - prices on application. Send for recent price lists. Advise me of your wants. F. Martin Brown, Fountain Valley School, Colorado Springs, Colorado.

For sale or exchange - Kansas butterflies and moths, esp. Papilionidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae, Hesperiidae; Heterocera: Sphingidae, Saturniidae, Arctiidae, Noctuidae, Catocalinae and Geometridae. Mounted or papered. William Howe, 822 E.llth St.,Ottawa, Kans.

Butterflies of Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas

for exchange or sale.

H.L. King, 419 Highland Ave. S.W., Roanoke, Virginia.

Duplicates for exchange - butterflies from European Alps, Pyrenees, Lapland, Mediterranean, Atlas Mts., N. Africa, Alberta. British moths, also local races British butterflies. Desiderata: many N. American spp., chiefly alpine, arctic, desert & Gulf States. Correspondence welcomed. Colin W. Wyatt, Cobbetts, Farnham, Surrey, ENGLAND.

Have few pairs of Argema mittrei from Madagascar for exchange for Papilio specimens, preferably of Africa or Australia. Have also beetles (Bupresti-dae and Cetonidae from Madagascar) in exchange for tropical butterflies. A. Glanz, 289 E. 98th St., Brooklyn 12, New York.

Wanted: thirty thousand butterflies and moths from

all over the world. Small or large lots.

Ben Karp, 3H8 Foothill Blvd., La Crescenta, Calif.

Wanted to buy: Dyar's "Classification of Lepidop-terous Larvaen; Rothschild & Jordan's f,A Revision of the Lepidopterous Family Sphingidae" (Nov. Zool., 1903); Scudder's "The Butterflies of New England". Peter Boone, R.F.D. 3, Box #172, Princeton, N.J.

In this issue, Living Material notices I will be found on page lib.

Wanted: Papered specimens of Pierls napjl, Pieris bryoniae, and Papilio machaon from all parts of the world, particularly from American & Asiatic localities, with full data and in perfect condition. Offered in exchange: Papered Macro-lepidoptera from Germany, and, if possible, breeding material. Gerhard Hesselbarth, Hindenburgstr. 13, (23) Diep-holz/fcann., GERMANY.

LIVING MATERIAL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Vol#III,nos.8-9

Limited number scarce Eupackardla (Calloaamla) cal-

leta cocoons for exchange. Desire pupae Callosamia

angulifera and Asiatic, African and South American

Saturniidae,

R.L. Halbert, 2446 Cudahy St.,Huntington Park, Calif.

Wanted for cash or exchange: living ova or pupae of Papilio machaon (Palaearctic), Platysamia Columbia nokomis, Papillo glaucus. Urgently needed for hybridization and sterility experimentation. Also need egg masses of Catocala relicta. Also desire 200 living cocoons of Platysamia cecropia. D.P. Frechin, 1504 N. Lafayette, Bremerton, Wash.

Cocoons or eggs of all species of AMERICAN SATURNI-IDAE required. Will exchange living or preserved material of British Lepidoptera and/or Indian Sat-urniidae. Also willing to obtain books or other requirements of American supplier. Currency restrictions prevent cash transactions! Please help if you can. C.F. Rivers, 250 Shepherds Lane, Dart-ford, Kent, ENGLAND.

Wanted: chrysalids of any North American PAPILIO in exchange for good European butterflies of Par-nassiidae in papers (full data, exact names). Dr. W.J. Reinthal, Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, Okla.

Available now: GglAELLSIA ISABELLAE (Spanish luna) & other Palaearctic fauna pupae. Otto H. Schroeter, 613 Williams St., New London, Conn.

Have cocoons of WILD CONNECTICUT SAMIA WALKERI(W Cynthia") to exchange for those of other Saturniidae. R.W. Pease, 57 Yale Station, New Haven 11, Conn.

Wanted to buy: rearing material in season - cocoons, pupae or eggs of Rhopalocera, Saturaioidea, Sphing-idae, Arctiidae and Catocala. Write first quoting prices and naming food plants. Have Austrian pins for sale, best make (Trade Mark "Elephant"), rustproof, $4.00 per thousand. Eugene Dluhy, 3912 N. Hamilton Ave., Chicago IS, 111.

RESEARCH REQUESTS

Wanted: Records and field notes for all subspecies of Speyerla nokomis EXCEPT apacheana from Round Valley (for this locality, records and notes are plentiful and no more are needed). It will only take a moment to send me a card with the data from any nitocris. nigrocaerulea. caerulescens. etc. which may be available, and these records will be immensely helpful to me. Personal recollections of places like Sapello Canyon, N.M., or any other localities where nokomis subspecies have been observed will be especially welcome. A monograph of this species is in preparation.

L.P. Grey, R.F.D., Lincoln,Maine.

v^SJUh

Urgently wanted for revisional study: Pvrausta of the 111iballs-arsaltealis-gracilalls complex. Single specimens or series, from any locality, on loan, exchange, or purchase basis. Write Dr. E.G. Munroe, Systematic Unit, Division of Entomology, Science Service, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Field Season Summary for North America

Introduction.................................. .85

1. Southwest, by B.H. Weber & L.M. Martin ...86-87

2. Northwest, by J.C. Hopfinger........♦••••87-90

3. Rocky Mts., by J.D. Eff..................90-92

4. Great Plains, by D.B. Stallings.............93

5. Central, by P.S. Remington...............94-95

6. Southeast, by R.H. Chermock..............96-97

7. Northeast, by E.G. Munroe...............97-101

8. Far North, by T.N. Freeman.............101-102

Annual Meetings of A.A.A.S. and E.S.A...........103

An Inexpensive Storage Box, hy P.H.H. Gray ......104.

The Nearctic Butterflies, Progress Report .......105

Brief Biographies. 20. Jacob Hubner

by Jeanne E. Remington....................107-108

Review of Field's Butterflies of Kansas.........102

The Nomenclature Controversy....................104.

Field Notes.....................................106

Evans: Rearing Techniques & Gloverla Crosses

Pease: Cocoon With Two Pupae

Personalia...................•.............•••• .103

Research Requests...............................114

Recent Literature on Lepidoptera............109-112

Notices by Members ••••••••.....•................113

Living Material .................................114

Miscellaneous Notes............♦................106

Additions to List of Members....................114

Review of McDunnough's Eupithecla revision ......108

ADDITIONS TO THE LIST OF MEMBERS

Agenjo, Ramon, Instituto Espanol de Entomologia,

Palacio del Hipodromo, Madrid, SPAIN. LEPID: of

Spain. Coll. Bancroft, Larry, 1023 S. Main, Ottawa, Kansas.

Coll. Ex. Buy. Dennis, Arthur E., 758 N. 4 E., Provo, Utah. RH0P.

Life History. Coll. Ex. Herrara, Jose (Prof.), Lo Ovalle 0195, Santiago,

CHILE. LEPID: genitalia. Krogerus, Harry W. (Dr.), Manner he imvagen 25A, Hel-

singfors, FINLAND. LEPID: esp. of Canada, and

Tortricidae. Coll. Ex. Monroe, Burt L., Jr., Ridge Road, Anchorage, Kentucky. RH0P. MACRO. Coll. Ex. Rivers, C.F., lfHeatherbankn, 250 Shepherds Lane,

Dartford, Kent, ENGLAND. Werner, F.G., Biological Labs., Harvard University,

Cambridge 38, Mass.

DECEASED

Avinoff, Andrey (Dr.). (New York.) Hall, Arthur D. (Nova Scotia.) Smith, Claude I. (California.)

THE LEPIDOPTERISTS' NEWS Monthly periodical of The Lepidopterists' Society

Membership is open to all persons interested in any aspect of the study of butterflies and moths. The 1950 dues, including subscription to the NEWS, are $2.00 for Regular Membership and $4-00 for Sustaining Membership. Please make remittances payable to: C.L. Remington, Price for Vols. 2 and 3 is $2.00 each. No complete sets of Vol.1 are available.